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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Civilization
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complex amalgam of centralized gov't, expanded economic/tech capacities, more elaborate social/cultural structures
often: monument building, metal working, writing |
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Reasons against unification of Mesopotamia
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open to nomadic incursion, fragmented feudal order, petty-statism, polarization
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Petty-statism
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tendency of ancient Mesopotamia to break into city-states
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Sargon of Akkad
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first empire-builder (c. 2300 B.C.); Sumerian, conquered Tigris/Euphrates valleys
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Hammurabi
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(c. 1792-1750 B.C.) made Babylon into empire controlling Mesopotamia; called Lawgiver for Code
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Upper Egypt
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Southern Egypt, took up most of river valley, Thebes
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Nebuchadnezzar
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created New Babylonian Empire
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Hittites
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Indo-European people group in Asia Minor: first used iron
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Carchemish
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battle where Nebuchadnezzar (Babylon) cushed Egyptian army
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Lower Egypt
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Northern Egypt, mostly on delta, Memphis
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Ahmose I
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pharaoh from noble family of Thebes who drove out the Hyksos (ca. 1550 B.C.)
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Khufu (Cheops)
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Pharaoh who built great pyramid (ca. 2550 B.C.)
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Fourth dynasty
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Egyptian dynasty of the pyramid-builders
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Hyksos
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Indo-European people group, conquered Egypt shortly before 1700 B.C., assimilated
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nomes
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Egyptian provinces that sometimes threatened to disunify the empire under ambitious gov'rs
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Cambyses
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Cyrus' son, extended Persian empire to Egypt
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Darius I
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3rd Persian emperor, called "the Great"; extended Persian empire to NW India, Macedonia; organized it
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satrapies
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Persian provinces
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Parthians
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people group that ruled Mesopotamia/Persia after the Seleucids
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Zoroastrianism
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Persian dualistic religion, arose around 6th cty B.C.
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Aryan-Dravidian synthesis
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blending of Aryan and pre-Aryan culture in India
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Aryans
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people group which invaded India ca. 1500 B.C.
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The two early city-civilizations of India
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Harappa, Mojenjodaro
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The Deccan
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plateau in the middle of India
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Cyrus the Great
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called the Shepherd: king of the Persians, conquered Medes, Lydia, Babylon
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yakshas/yakshis
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Indian-style sculpture which emerges in Mauryan dynasty
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Mahabharata
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longest epic poem in the world, composed during Mauryan India
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Ramayana
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romantic Indian story composed during Mauryan India
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Arthasastra
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unscrupulous political commentary attributed to Kautilya, adviser to first king of Mauryan dynasty (India)
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Asoka
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3rd Mauryan king of India, converted to Buddhism, built public works (including Grand Trunk Rd)
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Chandragupta
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first king of Mauryan dynasty in India, conquered most of N India
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Mauryan dynasty
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first dynasty to rule most of India
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Nanda clan
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rulers of the kingdom of Magadha, which dominated the Ganges valley
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4 original castes
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kshatriyas: warrior nobility, brahmans: priests, vaisyas: landowners/merchants, sudras: manual laborers
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Mahavira
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(ca. 500 B.C.) founded Jainism: ascetic, introduced ahimsa
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Zhou
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China's 3rd dynasty, 1100-221 B.C.; divided into Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou periods
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Mandate of Heaven
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rationalization of Chinese rule, evolved by Zhou dynasty
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Warring States Period
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Chinese history last two centuries of Zhou dynasty: authority completely dissolved
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Legalism
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Qin dynasty doctrine: emphasis on law/punishment, bureaucracy, autocracy
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Shi
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in Zhou Chinese dynasty, valued debonair gentlemantly attitude, knowledge of religion/trad. wisdom
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Eastern Zhou
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Later, debacle period of Zhou dynasty (5 ctys): dynasty moved capital east, lost allegiance; but developed culturally
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Western Zhou
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Earlier/more successful period of the Zhou dynasty, 2 ctys
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Shang
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China's 2nd dynasty, 1500-1000 B.C.: hazy, early civilization takes shape, w/warlord kings/ancestor worship
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Xia
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first traditional Chinese dynasty; may have been mythical
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Qin
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3rd Chinese dynasty (221-211 B.C.): family became powerful, unified China/defeated Zhou
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Shi Huangdi
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First Emperor of China (Qin), unified/standarized his empire, built much of Great Wall, terra cotta men
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3 organizational principles which dominated most early civilizations
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Monarchy, Hierarchy, Patriarchy
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Book of Songs
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Chinese literature collected ca. 600 B.C. (Zhou dynasty)
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Taoism
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philosophy of following the undefined "way" (the way things are): supposedly founded by Laozi (late Zhou dy.)
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Han Faizi
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Qin legalist philosopher (pessimistic view of human nature: Machiavellian politics)
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Mencius
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Confucian (later Zhou period): believed human nature fundamentally good; utopian/for the people
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main goal of Confucius
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social harmony
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Si Li
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most prominent advisor of first Qin emperor of China (Legalist)
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Çatal Hüyük
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earliest known settlement at the moment (in Turkey)
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Paleolithic
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old stone age
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Paleolithic
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new stone age: one of the greatest shifts in history
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changes that accompanied shift from paleolithic to neolithic
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Subsistance agriculture
Domestication of animals Minimal specialization of labor Move toward village life |
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"Venus" or "earth-goddess" figurines
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found in acheaological sites of ancient settlements, such as Çatal Hüyük: fertility godesses?
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key idea of civilization
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dwelling in cities
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What goes into the Mesopotamian urban revolution?
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Mastry of irrigation, demographic pressures
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percentage of ancient societies that could do something other than agriculture
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5-10%
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How many times has a writing system been invented out of nothing?
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1) Mesopotamian
2) Chinese 3) Native American 4) Maybe original Indian writing system? |
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Narmer (Menes)
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pharaoh accomplished political unification of Egypt ca. 3050 B.C.
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Narmer Palette
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proof that Pharaoh Narmer unified Egypt (brutally)
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Djoser
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builder of the first pyramid ca.2700 B.C. (how we date beginning of Old Kingdom), first time humans built w/stone
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Ma'at
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concept embodying Truth, Justice, Harmony, Divine order, Balance, Righteousness
Embodied by Pharaoh, the god (why he doesn't need a law code) |
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Amon-Re
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new deity rose to prominence in New Kingdom Egypt
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Ahmose
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one of the first NK pharaohs, takes Nubia/begins the expansion
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Nubia
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black Africa to the South
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Thutmose III
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one of greatest expansion pharahos: expands far to the South, also into Syria (Battle of Meggido: 1468 B.C.)
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Akhenaten
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(1367-1350 B.C.) pharaoh brought into Egypt what looks like monotheism, displeased priests, whote hymn that resembles psalms, moved capital to Amarna
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Tutankhamen
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pharaoh who is only famous b/c his tomb was found mostly intact
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Ramses II
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1290-1224 B.C.
Battle of Kadesh Probably pharaoh of the exodus Egyptian glory declines after him Abu Simbel |
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3 possible reasons for Dark Ages
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1) Internal Revolts: not enough to explain all of it
2) Natural disaster: Volcano, earthquake, floods, etc. 3) External invasions |
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Important source of info from the Dark Ages
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Homer (about 750)
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Ashur
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Assyrian god in whose name they demanded the surrender of civilizations
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Assyrians methods of empire-building
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hostility, outright atrocity, fear, deportation
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Babylonians/Neobabylonians/Chaldeans
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civilization that defeats Assyrian Empire and rules Mesopotamia for a few yrs
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Nebuchadnezzar II
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Biblical Babylonian emperor (who went mad)
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Hanging Gardens of Babylon
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actually from Assyria
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Ishtar Gate
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famous gate to Babylon (now in Berlin)
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Persian philosophy
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to celebrate diversity, as long as people groups brought tribute
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Ahura-mazda
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Zoroastrian good god
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Ahriman
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Zoroastrian evil god
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Arta
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Zoroastrian concept of the ideal: equivalent to Egyptian Ma'at
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where coinage was invented
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Lydia
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Aryans
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people group which conquered India ca. 1500 B.C.
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Sanskrit
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first Aryan writing system, language linked w/Indo-European family, used for Hindu religious texts
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Brahmanism
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Early (pre-Hindu) Indian religious system: texts (Rig Veda/Baghavad Gita), trinity (Brahma/Shiva/Vishnu), caste system, sacrifice of animals
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Brahma
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Brahmanist creator god
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Vishnu
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Brahmanist preserver god
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Shiva
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Brahmanist destroyer god
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Varna
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term for Indian caste system: means "color" originally
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Magadha
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city where leaders start to pull India together after Dark Ages
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Vardhamana Mahavira
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invented Jainism
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Siddhartha Gautama
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the Buddha
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ahimsa
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principle of nonviolence central to both Jainism and Buddhism
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Hegelian view of history
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thesis, antithesis, synthesis
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China develops along these two rivers
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Yellow
Yangtse |
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Yellow River
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Chinese river: cold, not very navigable, needs extensive irrigation to make it fertile (like Mesopotamia)
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Yangtse River
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Chinese river: warmer/wetter, doesn't need as much irrigation, navigable
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Chinese concept that contributed to worship of ancestors, honorific titles for brother/sisters
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Filial piety
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earliest Chinese writing found on:
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oracle bones
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Shang bronzes
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famous artwork from the Shang dynasty
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Junzi
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Confucian concept of gentelmanliness (moral cultivation): how a ruler should train himself
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Ren
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Confucian concept of nobility of character, deep humanity
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Confucius's main goal
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an ethical philosophy that will produce ethical rulers
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Law of reciprocation
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Confucian principle: "Do not do unto others as you would not have them do unto you"
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Xunzi
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later Confucian philosopher, with a darker view of human nature
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The way
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Taoist idea: an invisible force at the center of the universe (behind all that exists), goal to get in tune w/it
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Zhuangzi
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Taoist philosopher
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