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209 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gov't where the power of the crown is unchecked
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Absolute Monarchy
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Another name for the age of Monarchs
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Age of Absolutism
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Strongest nation in europe during the 1500s and 1600s
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Spain
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was both the holy roman emperor and the kind of spain
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Charles v
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Dynasty of Charles v and and philip II
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Hapsburg
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When charles v divided his empire his son philip II became
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king of spain
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Strongest Monarch drugin spanish supremacy
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philip II
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Philip II and other absolute monarchs believed they were kings by .
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divine right
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The idea that royal power is granted by god
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Divine right of kings
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e used wealth (gold&silver) from the colonies to build the larges and strongest army in europe.
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Philip II
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Philip II saw spain as the defender of the .
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Catholic Faith
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He involved spain in wars against the enemies of catholicism.(Protestants, Muslims, etc.)
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Philip II
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Philip II attempted to force all non-catholics to .
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convert or leave spain
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Was used as a reign of terror to extract all non-catolic elements from spain.
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Spanish Inquisition
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This source of wealth enabled spain to become the strongest nation in europe
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Philip II
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Philip II sent it to invade England
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Spanish Armada
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It's defeat in 1588 was the beginning of spain's decline as the leading european power.
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Spanish Armada
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In the late 1500s, france was torn by religious conflict between .
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Catholics and Huguenots
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French Protestant Calvinists
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Huguenots
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First burbon King
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Henry of Navarre/HenryIV
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Established the edict nantes
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Henry IV
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Gave french protestants religious freedom in 1598
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Edict of nantes
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Real ruler during the reign of LouisXIII
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Involved Catholic France in the 30 years war on the Side of the protestants
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Was triggered by a rebellion of bohemian protestants
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thirty years war
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started over religion ended up over the balance of power
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thirty years war
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ended the 30 years war
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peace of westphalia
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made france the strongest country in europe
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peace of westphalia
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Louis XIV minister of finance
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colbert
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a tax on imports
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Protective tariff
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Sun king ruled france fromm 1643 to 1715
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louis XIV
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He weakened the powerr of the nobles by inviting them to live in luzury in his palace
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Louis XIV
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Strongest french monarch
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LOUIS XIV
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in 1685 Louis XIV revoked the .
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Edict of nantes
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Strongest nation in Europe during the 1600s
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France
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Small nations band together to keep a strong nation from dominating
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Balance of power
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War fought to keep louis XIV's grandson off the throne of spain
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War of spanish succession
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Ended the war of spanish succession
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Treaty of utrecht
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Broke french treasury and military power
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War of spanish succession
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Prevented the alliance of france and spain
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Treaty of utrecht
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His policies brought france near financial ruin and created class conflict
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Louis XIV
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Philips II's english rival
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Elizabeth I
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Ruled England from 1558 to 1603
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Elizabeth I
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English captains that captured spanish treasure ships and defeated the spanish armada
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Sea dogs
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Ruled england from 1558to 1603, last tudor monarch
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Elizabeth I
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First stuart monarch believed tin the divine right of kings
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james I
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Those who believed in the divine right of kings belieed monarchs were only answerable to .
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God
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Succeeded james I as king of england
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Charles I
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His reign ended in England' civil war
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Charles I
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It was fought over who should rule england: Monarch or Parliament
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English civil war
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Those who supported Charles I in england in the english civil war
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Cavaliers
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Those who supported Charles I in English Civil WAr
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Roundheads
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Roundheads were mainly .(religion)
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Puritans
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Led parliament's army to victory in English Civil War
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oliver Cromwell
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The english Parliament tried and executed .
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Charles I
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The house of commons abolished monarchy and declared england a republic called the .
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commonwealth
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Cromwell drove out parliament and set up a .
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Military dictatorship
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Name for cromwell's military dictatorship
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protectorate
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Cromwell's dictatorship enforced a .
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Puritan moral code
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Cromwell did not tolerate open worship for .
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Catholics
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Richard cromwell succeeded his farther as lord protector of england, but when england was tired of strict puritan ways he was deposed by a .
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military coup
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he was invited b parliament to come back from exile and become king
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Charles II
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The return of Charles II as king of England
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Restoration
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Restoration date
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A.D. 1660
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the restoration gave england a .
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Constitutional monarchy
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Catholic brother and successor to charles II
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James II
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English feared that james II would make Catholicism the .
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State Rebellion
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Name for the bloodless deposing of James II
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Glorious Revolution
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William and Mary were given joint rule of england after the Glorious Revolution but they first had accept the .
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English bill of rights
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The english bill of rights made sure parliament had more power than the ruler and established .
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Limited Monarchy
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Date of the Glorious Revolution
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AD 1688
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Was selected by leading german princes but in reality did not have much power
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holy roman emperor
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Allowed Maria Theresa to inherit the throne of austria
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pragmatic sanction
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Maria theresa' dynasty
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hapsburg
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Dynasty that ruled prussia during the Age of monarchs
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Hohenzollern
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Centralized Prussian gov't. made prussian army the most efficient fighting force in europe
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Fredrick William I
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Most powerful ruler in Prussian History
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Fredrick II (the great)
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he rejected the pragmatic sanction and started the war of austian succession
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Fredrick II (the great)
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MariaTheresa Keeps the throne of Austria, Austria loses silesia
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Treaty of Aix-la-chapelle
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Starts as a struggle between Austian &Prussia becomes aaa struggle betwween england and france
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seven years war
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name of the seven years war in america
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french and indian war
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In 1650 Russia was isolated and
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backward country
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title of the russian ruler
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Czar
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Czar who worked the modernize/westernize russia
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peter the great
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Peter the great was an
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absolute Monarch
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peter fought thee swedes and the turks to gain a
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warm water port
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peter the great built the new capital of russia
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St. Petersburg
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She followed the lead of peter the great in embracing western ideas and expanding russias borders
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Catherine the great
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Iintellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries
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Enlightenment
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The enlightenment celebrated the powers of
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reason
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Enlightenment thinkers promoted religious
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toleration
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Enlightenment thinkers believed all problems could be solved with
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reason
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The enlightenment ws prompted by the (1500s&1600s)
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Scientific Revolution
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Sun is the center of the solar system
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Heliocentric theory
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He developed the heliocentric
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Copernicus
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He developed a telescope and supported the heliocentric theory
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Galileo
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probably more responsible for the development of scientific method than any other individual
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Galileo Galilei
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Galileo was forced to recant by the
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Catholic church
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Demonstrated that planets movie in ellipses/ovals
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Johannes Kepler
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his discoveries changed the view of the universe more than anyone elses
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issac newton
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he laid the foundations for the scientific theories that susquently revolutionized the world
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Issac Newton
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Newton developed the theory of
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Gravity
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newton's discovered that the universe is governed by
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natural laws
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newton's discoveries led people to view the universe as
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mechanical
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Developed calculus
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Issac Newton
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Hobbes, locke, and Rosseau were all considered
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Social contract theorists
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Because thomas hobbes believed gov'ts were created to protect people from their own selfishness, he believed they
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never had the right to revolt
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Form of gov't advocated by thomas hobbes
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Absolute monarchy
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form of gov't advocated by thomas hobbes
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Absolute Monarchy
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he believed people had natural rights to life liberty and property
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john locke
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John locke believed the foundation of gov't was a .
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social contract
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John locke believed that if people's natural rights were not prosecuted, they had the .
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Right to revolt
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john locke rote in defense of the .
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glorious revolution
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french thinkers of the enlightenment
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Philosophes (not philosphers)
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Philosophe who campaigned agaisnt intolerence.(wrote candide)
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voltaire
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He combined enlightenment thinking into an encyclopedia
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Diderot
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Banned Didrot's Encyclopedia
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catholic church
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Diderot was for his writings in the encyclopedia
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Imprisioned
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name for complete free market economy
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laissez faire
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He believed the bes way to prottect people's liberties was by separating the power of gov't into legislative, executive and judicial branches
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Montesquieu
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Criticized the enlightenment's excessive emphasis on reason, he believed people needed to rely more on emotion and instinct
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Rousseau
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meetings for the discussion of ideas
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salons
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He believed you should set aside traditional beliefs and rely on observation and experiment. Early proponent of the scientific method
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Francis Bacon
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He believed you should doubt everything which cannot be proved, and in the search for truth you should not with faith bt with doubt
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Rene Descartes
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The only thing Descartes found that he could not doubt was his
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Own existence
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"I think therefore i am"
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Rene Descartes
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doubt and question all ideas
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Skepticism
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A denial of the possibility of knowledge
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Skepticism
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Total Skeptic
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David Hume
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He denied that there was any logical basis for knowing that one thing caused another denied knowledge of cause and effect
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David Hume
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He believed that reason could not be used to explain questions of metaphysics
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Immanuel kant
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Tries to answer ultimate and universal questions
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Metaphysics
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Kant believed that things tat cannot be percieved in cannot be known
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experience
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John locke believed the min to be a
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Tabula rasa(blank state)
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Religion based on reason and natural law, the enlightenment's religion
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Deism
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Belief that god started the universe like a perfect clock and then left it alone
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Deism
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Some people reacted to the enlightenment and did not believe that could explain the universe
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Reason alone
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Monarchs who used their power to bring about positive political and social changes
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Enlightened despots
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When britain tried to tighten its control ove the colonies after the french and indian war, the colonies .
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reacted
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Because the american colonists believed they were being taxed without their representation and thus denied their natural rights they .
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Declared their independence
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Created a gov't with montesquieu's separation of powers and a federal system
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U.S. Constitution
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governmental power (sovereignty) is divided between a central gov't and regional govt's
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Federalism
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Inaugurated the liberal and democratic movements of the 19th century
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French revolution
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Name for frances social classes
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Estates
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King of france at the beginning of the french revolution
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Louis XVI
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First estate
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Catholic Clergy
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Second estate
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Nobility
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Bourgeoisie,artisians, and peasants
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Third estate
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Middle class
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Bourgeoisie
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Large gap between the rich and the poor, heavy tax burden on the third estate, first and second estate dont pay taxes, enlightenment ideas of freedom and equality, growth of the middle class, and widespread
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Causes of the french revloution
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In 1789 Louis XVI called a meeting of the for the first time in over 150 years
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estates general
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Louis XVI called the estates general because he need to
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raise money
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upper two estates wanted to vote as
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estates
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third estate wanted to vote as
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delegates
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Louis XVI refused the third estates request for a
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mass meeting (voting as delegates)
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the third estate declared itself to be the
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national assembly
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members of the national assembly swore to remain in session until a constitution as completed
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tennis court oath
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Ordered all three estates to negotiate in the national assembly
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Louis XVI
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ordered Swiss troops to paris
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Louis XVI
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French royal prison, attacked by parisians to defend the national assembly
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Bastille
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Symbolic beginning of the french revolution
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storming of the Bastille
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Voted to end special privileges of Nobility and clergy (old Regime)
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national assembly
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National assembly guaranteed freedom of speech, press, and religion. proclaimed all male citizens were equal bu not grant rights to women
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"declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen."
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in 1791 the national assembly created a
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Limited constitutional monarchy
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Working class men and women who pushed for more radical action during the french revolution
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Sans-Culottes
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Extreme radicals who demanded "true democracy."
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jacobins
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Unpopular queen of france
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Marie antoinette
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National assembly declared war on
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austria
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Seized control of assembly, removed king from office.(french revolution)
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Jacobins
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jacobins killed people they claimed were
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counter revolutionaries
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jacobin killed people they claimed were .
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counter-revolution
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called by radicals to rewrite french constitution
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national convention
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national convention abolished monarchy and declared france a
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republic
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convicted of treason and excuted by the national convention
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Louis XVI
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during the french revolution european monarchies fearing the spread of revolution to their countries
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allied against france
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because of threats from within, and without, the convention formed the .
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committee of public safety
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jacobin became the head of the
committee of public safety |
robespierre
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to stop counter-revolution the committee began the (500,000 people arrested, 40,000 guillotined.)
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reign of terror
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used by committee to deal with invading armies
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mass mobilization
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whole society helps to defeat enemy
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mass mobilization
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members of the convention turned on him because they feared fo their own safety. he was guillotined along with many of his followers
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robespierre
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robespierre's death ended the
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reign of terror
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took control of the convention after the reign of terror
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bourgeoisie
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conservative gov't set up by the convention after the end of the reign of terror
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directory
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put in command of france's armies by the directory
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napoleon
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seized power from the directory in a coup d' etat
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napoleon
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quick overthrow of gov't by a small group
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coup d' etat
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at first council of the french revolution napoleon assumed .
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dictatorial powers
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used soldiers to restore order to france
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napoleon
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made the law clear and consistent in france
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napoleonic code
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bonaparte became emperor napolean I by .
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the will of the people
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Napoleon expanded his empire to include most of
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europe
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british admiral who defeated napoleon at the battle of trafalgar
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Horatio nelson
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because of his defeat at the battle of trafalgar, napoleon gave up on
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invading britain
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napoleon tried to keep british good out of
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european ports
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napoleon invaded IT because IT refused to stop sellin goods to britain
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Russia
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Was a disaster because of winter conditons
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Napoleons invasion of russia
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Tactic used by russians by napoleon
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Scorcedhd-earth
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On retreat from russia napoleon los
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4/5 of his troops
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grand alliance defeats napoleon at leipzig germany
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battle of nations
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After the battle of nations the grand alliance took paris and exiled napoleon to
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Elba
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Napoleon escaped elba and upon returning to france
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won widespread support
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Napoleon's brief comeback
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the 100 days
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Napoleon's final defeat to britain and prussia
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waterloo
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after waterloo napoleon was exiled to
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St. helena
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date of waterloo
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A.D. 1815
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napoleon's lasting influence was that his soldiers spread the ideals of the across europe
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french revolution
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after the defeat of napoleon it was held to create a new balance of power t opreserve the peace
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congress of vienna
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leading figure at the congress of vienna
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metternich
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