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212 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Government where the power of the crown is unchecked
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absolute monarchy
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another name for the age of monarchs
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age of absolutism
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strongest nation in europe during the 1500s and early 1600s
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spain
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was both the holy roman emperor and king of spain
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charles V
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dynasty of charles V and philip II
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hapsburg
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when charles V divided his empire his son philip II became _____.
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king of spain
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strongest monarch during spanish supremacy
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philip II
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philip IIi and other absolute monarchs believed they were kings by ____.
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divine right
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the idea that royal power is granted by god
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divine right of kings
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he used wealth (gold & silver) from colonies to build the largest and strongest army in europe
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philip II
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philip II saw spain as the defender of the _______.
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catholic faith
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he involved spain in wars against the enemies of catholicism.
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philip II
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philip II attempted to force all non-catholics to ___________.
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convert or leave spain
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was used as a reign of terror to extract all non-catholic elements from spain.
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spanish inquisition
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this source of wealth enabled spain to become the strongest nation in europe.
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american colonies
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philip II sent it to invade england
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spanish armada
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it's defeat in 1588 was the beginning of spain's decline as the leading european power
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spanish armada
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in the late 1500s, france was torn by religious conflict between ______.
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catholics & huguenots
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first bourbon king
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henry of navarre/henry IV
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established the edict nantes
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henry IV
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gave french protestants religious freedom in 1598
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edict of nantes
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real ruler during the reign of louis XIII
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cardinal richelieu
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involved catholic france in the 30 years war on the side of the protestants
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cardinal richelieu
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was triggered by a rebellion of bohemian protestants
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thirty years war
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started over religion ended up over the balance of power
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thirty years war
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ended the 30 years war
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peace of westphalia
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made france the strongest country in europe
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peace of westphalia
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louis XVI minister of finance
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colbert
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a tax on imports
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protective tariff
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sun king ruled france from 1643 to 1715
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louis XIV
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he weakened the power of nobles by inviting them to live in luxury in his palace
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louis XIV
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strongest french monarch
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louis XVI
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in 1685 louis XVI revoked the ____.
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edict of nantes
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strongest nation in europe during the 1600s
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france
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small nations band together to keep a strong nation from dominating
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balance of power
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war fought to keep louis XVI's grandson off the throne of spain
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war of spanish succession
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ended the war of spnanish succession
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treaty of utrecht
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french protestant cathlics
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huguenots
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broke french treasury and military power
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war of spanish succession
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prevented the alliance of france and spain
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treaty of utrech
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his policies brought france near financial ruin and created class conflict
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louis XVI
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philip II's english rival
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elizabeth I
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ruled england from 1558 to 1603
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elizabeth I
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English captains that captured spanish treasure ships and defeated the spanish armada
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sea dogs
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ruled england from 1558 to 1603, last tudor monarch
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elizabeth I
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first stuart monarch believed in the divine right of kings
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james I
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those who believed in the divine right of kings believed monarchs were only answerable to _____
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god
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succeeded james I as king of england
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charles I
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his reign ended in england's civil war
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charles I
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It was fought over who should rule england: monarch or parliament
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english civil war
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those who supported charles I in teh english civil war
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cavaliers
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those who supported parliament in the english civil war
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roundheads
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roundheads were mainly _____
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puritans
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led parliaments army to victory in the english civil war
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oliver cromwell
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the english parliament tried and executed
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charles I
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the house of commons abolished monarchy and declared england a republic called the _____
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commonwealth
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cromwell drove out parliament and set up a _______
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military dictatorship
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name for cromwells military dictatorship
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protectorate
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cromwells dictatorship enforced a _________
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puritan moral code
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cromwell did not tolerate open worship for _______
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catholics
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richard cromwell succeeded his father as lord protector of england, but when england tired of strict puritan ways he was deposed of by a ________
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military coup
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the return of charles II as king of england
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restoration
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restoration date
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ad 1660
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the restoration gave england a _________
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constitutional monarchy
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catholic brother and successor to charles I
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James II
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english feared that James II would make catholicism the ________
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state religion
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name for the bloodless deposing of James II
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glorious revolution
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william and mary were given joint rule of england after the glorious revolution but they first had to accept the _____
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english bill of rights
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the engish bill or rights made sure parliament had more power than the ruler and established __________
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limited monarchy
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date of the glorious revolution
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ad 1688
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was selected by leading german princes but in reality did not have much power
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holy roman emperor
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allowed maria theresa to inherit the throne of austria
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pragmatic sanction
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maria theresas dynasty
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hapsburg
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dynasty that ruled prussia during the age of monarchs
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hohenzollern
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centralized prussian government. made prussian army the most efficient fighting force in europe
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frederick william I
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most powerful ruler in prussian history
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frederick II
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he rejected the pragmatic sanction and started the war of austrian succession
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frederick II
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maria theresa keeps the throne of austria, austria loses silesia
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treaty of aix-la-chapelle
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starts as a struggle between austira and prussia becomes a struggle between england and france
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seven years war
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name of seven years war in america
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french and indian war
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in 1650 russia was an isolated and ____
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backward country
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title of the russian ruler
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czar
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czar who worked to modernize/westernize russia
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peter the great
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peter the great was an _________
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absolute monarch
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peter fought the swedes and the turks to gain a ______
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warm water pot
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peter the great built the new capital of russia ________
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st. petersburg
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she followed the lead of peter the great in embracing western ideas and expanding russias borders
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catherine the great
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intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries
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elightenment
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the enlightenment celebrated the powers of ___
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reason
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enlightenment thinkers promoted religious _____
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toleration
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enlightenment thinkers believed sought to construct government free of ____
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tyranny
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enlightenment thinkers sough to construct government free of ______
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tyranny
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enlightenment thinkers believed all problems could be solved with _______
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reason
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the enlightenment was prompted by the ________
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scientific revolution
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sun is the center of the solar system
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helicentric
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he developed the heliocentric theory
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copernicus
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he developed a telescope and supported the heliocentric theory
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galileo
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probably more responsible for the development of scientific method than any other individual
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galileo galilei
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galileo was forced to recant by the ______
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catholic church
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demonstrated that planets move in ellipses/ovals
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johannes kepler
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his discoveries changed the view of the universe more than anyone else's
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isaac newton
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he laid the foundations for the scientific theories that susquently revolutionized the world
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isaac newton
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newton discovered that the universe is governed by _____
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natural laws
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newton developed the theory of _____
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gravity
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newtons discoveries led people to view the universe as ______
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mechanical
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he developed calculus
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isaac newton
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hobbes, locke, and rousseau were all considered ______
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social contract theorists
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becuse thomas hobbes believed; governments were created to protect people from their own selfishness, he believed they ____
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never had the right to revolt
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form of government advocated by thomas hobbes
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absolute monarchy
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he believed people had natural rights to life, liberty, and property
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john locke
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john lock believed the foundation of government was a _____
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social contract
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john locke believed that if peoples natural were NOT protect, they had the _____
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right to revolt
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john lock wrote in defense of the ________
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glorious revolution
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french thinkers of the enlightenment
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philosophes
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philosophe who campaigned against intolerance
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voltaire
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he combined enlightenment thinking into an encyclopedia
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diderot
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banned diderots encyclopedia
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catholic church
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diderot was ____ for his writings in the encyclopedia
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imprisoned
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advocated a free market economy
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adam smith
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name for complete free market economy
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laissez faire
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he believed the best way to protect peoples liberties was by separating the power of government into legislative, executive and judicial branches
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montesquieu
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criticized the enlightment's excessive emphasis on reason, he believed people needed to rely more on emotion and instinct
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rousseau
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meetings for the discussion of ideas
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salons
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he believed you should set aside traditional beliefs and rely on observation and experiment. Early proponent of the scientific method
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francis bacon
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he believed you hsould doubt everything which cannot be proven and in the serach for truth you should start NOT with faith but doubt
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rene descartes
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the only thing descartes found that he could not doubt was his _____
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own existence
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"I think therefore i am"
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rene descartes
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doubt and question all ideas
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skepticism
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a denial of the possiblilty of knowledge
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skepticism
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total skeptic
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david hume
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he denied that there was any logical basis for knowing that one thing caused another. Denied knowledge of cause and effect
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david hume
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he believed that reason could NOT be used to explain questions of metaphysics
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immanuel kant
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tires to answer ultimate and universal questions
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metaphysics
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kant believed that things that cannot be perceived in _____ cannot be known
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experience
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john locke believed the mind to be a _______
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tabula rasa (blank state)
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religion based on reason and natural law, the enlightenment's religion
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deism
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belief that god started the universe like a perfect clock and then left it alone
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deism
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reacted to the enlightenment and did not believe that ______ could explain the universe
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reason alone
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monarchs who used their power to bring about positive political and social changes
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enlightened despots
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when britain tried to tighten its contorl over the colonies after the french and indian war, the colonies _____
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reacted
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because the american colonists believed they were being taxed without thier representation and thus denied their natural rights they _____
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declared their independance
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created a government with montesquieus separation of powers and a federal system
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US constitution
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governmental power is divided between a central government and regional governments
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federalism
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inaugurated the liberal and democratic movements of the 19th century
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french revolution
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name for france's social classes
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estates
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king of france at the beginning of the french revolution
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louis XVI
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first estate
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catholic clergy
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second estate
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nobility
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bourgeoisie, artisans, and peasants
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third estate
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middle class
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bourgeoisie
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large gap between the rich and the poor, heavy tax burden on the third estate, first and second estate dont pay taxes, enlightenment ideas of freedom and equality, growth of the middle class, and wide spread
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causes of the french revolution
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in 1789 louis XVI called a meeting of the ______ for the first time in over 150 years
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estates general
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louis XVI called the estates general because he needed to _______
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raise money
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upper two estates wanted to vote as ______
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delegates
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louis XVI refused the third estates request for a ______
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mass meeting
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the third estate declared itself to be the _____
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national convention
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members of the national assembly swore to remain in session until a constitution was completed
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tennis court oath
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ordered all three estates to negotiate in the national assembly
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louis XVI
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the third estate declared itself to be the _______
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national convention
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members of the national assembly swore to remain in session until a constitution was completed
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tennis court oath
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ordered all three estates to negotiate in the national assembly
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louis XVI
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ordered swiss troops to paris
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louis XVI
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french royal prison, attacked by parisians to defend the national assembly
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bastille
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symbolic beginning of the french revolution
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storming of the bastille
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voted to end special privileges of nobility and clergy
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national assembly
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national assembly guaranteed freedom of speech, press, and religion. proclaimed all male citizens were equal but did not grant rights to women
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:declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen"
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in 1791 the national assembly created a ___
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limited constitutional monarchy
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working-class men and women who pushed for more radical action during the french revolution
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sans-culottes
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extreme radicals who demanded "true democracy"
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jacobins
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unpopular queen of france
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marie antoinette
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national assembly declared was on _____
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austria
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seized control of assembly, removed king from office
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jacobins
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jacobins killed people they claimed were _____
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counter-revolutionaries
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called radicals to rewrite french constitution
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national convention
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national convention abolished monarchy and declared france a ______
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republic
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convicted of treason and exectued by the national convention
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louis XVI
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during the french revolution european monarchies fearing the spread of revolution to their countries
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allied against france
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because of threats from within, and without, the convention formed the _______
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committee of public safety
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jacobin became the head of the committee of public safety
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robespierre
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to stop counter-revolution the committee began the ______
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reign of terror
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used by committee to deal with invading armies
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mass moblization
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whole society helps defeat enemy
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mass moblization
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members of the convention turned on him because they feared for their own safety. he was guillotined along with many other of his followers
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robespierre
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robespierres death ended the _____
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reign of terror
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took control of the convention after the reign of terror
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bourgeoisie
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conservation government set up by the convention after the end of the reign of terror
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directory
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put in command of frances armies by the directory
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napoleon
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seized power from the directory in a coup d' etat
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napoleon
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quick overthrow of the govt by a small group
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coup d' etat
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as first consul of the french republic napoleon assumed ____
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dictatorial powers
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convicted of treason and exectued by the national convention
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louis XVI
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during the french revolution european monarchies fearing the spread of revolution to their countries
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allied against france
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because of threats from within, and without, the convention formed the _______
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committee of public safety
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jacobin became the head of the committee of public safety
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robespierre
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to stop counter-revolution the committee began the ______
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reign of terror
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used by committee to deal with invading armies
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mass moblization
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whole society helps defeat enemy
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mass moblization
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members of the convention turned on him because they feared for their own safety. he was guillotined along with many other of his followers
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robespierre
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robespierres death ended the _____
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reign of terror
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took control of the convention after the reign of terror
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bourgeoisie
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conservation government set up by the convention after the end of the reign of terror
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directory
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put in command of frances armies by the directory
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napoleon
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seized power from the directory in a coup d' etat
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napoleon
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quick overthrow of the govt by a small group
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coup d' etat
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as first consul of the french republic napoleon assumed ____
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dictatorial powers
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used soldiers to restore the order to france
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napoleon
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made the law clear and consistent in france
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napoleonic code
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bonaparte became emperor napoleon I by _____
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the will of the people
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napoleon expanded his empire to include most of ______
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europe
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british admiral who defeated napoleon at the battle of trafalgar
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horatio nelson
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because of his defeat at the battle of trafalgar, napoleon gave up on _____
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invading britain
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napoleon tried to keep british good out of _____
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eruopean ports
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