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34 Cards in this Set
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A group of nomadic, pastoral people from steppes north of Caucasus Mtns. who used horses and chariots.
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What are Indo-Europeans?
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herded cattle, sheep & goats and had forerunner of English language p.c74
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Dry grasslands that stretched north of Caucasus Mtns. betw. Black & Caspian Seas.
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What are the Steppes?
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a temperate grassland region in Northern Hemisphere p.66
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Movements of a people from one region to another by waves over a period of time.
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What is Migration?
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Some tribes included Germans, Celts, Greeks, Aryans, and Indo-Europeans.
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Indo-European peoples (2000 B.C. to 1190 B.C.) who occupied Asia Minor (Anatolia). They adopted Akkadian, Babylonian language, used chariots & iron technology in war weapons
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What are Hittites?
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blended their traditions with more advanced Mesopotamians in literature, art, politics, and law
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Indo-European people living between Caspian & Aral Seas who crossed over into the Indus River Valley of India.
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What are the Aryans?
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No writing system, developed Caste System based on occupration with bramins (priests), warriors, traders/landowners, & peasants
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Sacred literature of Aryans include prayers, magical spells, & instructions for performing rituals.
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What are Vedas?
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Ex. Rig Veda = 1,028 hymns to Gods
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An Aryan Priest.
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What are Brahmins?
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One of 4 groups in caste system based on occupation
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The 4 major groups by occupation (Varnas) are named caste by Portuguese explorers in 15th C. A.D.
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What are Castes?
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Lowest are Untouchables (ie. butchers, garbage collectors, et.al.
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An Indian epic reflecting the struggles that took place in India as the Aryan Kings worked to control Indian lands.
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What is Mahabharata?
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Krishna, a god in human form, instructs a young warrior on the proper way to live, fight, and die.
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A collection of religious beliefs that developed slowly over a long period of time; cannot be traced back to one founder.
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What is Hinduism?
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Between 750 & 550 B.C. Hindu teachers tried to interpret and explain the Vedic hymns creating the Upanishads.
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An individual soul or spirit is born again and again until "moksha" is achieved.
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What is Reincarnation?
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means "rebirth"
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"good or bad deeds" which follow from one reincarnation to another influencing one's life circumstances such as caste type, state of health, wealth, or poverty, et. al.
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What is Karma?
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when a person understands the relationship betw. atman and Brahman, he achieves Moksha and release from life in this world.
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A religion founded in India (599 B.C. - 527 B.C.) in the 6th century B.C. whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore should not be harmed.
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What is Jainism?
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Founded by Mahavira (599B.C.-527 B.C.) who believed even insects should not be harmed. Most members work in trade & commerce. Approx. 5 Million in India.
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Founder of Buddism, born of a noble family from Kapilavastu in foothills of Nepal. Spent most of his life searching for religious truth and an end to life's suffering.
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Who is Siddhartha Guatama?
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He sought enlightenment/wisdom from which Budda came meaning "enlightened one"
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"Wisdom" ; the quest for an understanding of the cause of suffering.
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What is Enlightenment?
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Achieved through the "Middle Way" or Eightfold Path.
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4 Noble Truths: Life is filled w/ suffering&sorrow, suffering comes from people's "selfish desires", to end suffering end all desires, & end all desires by following the 8-fold path/Middle Way between desires & self-denial.
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What are Budda's 4 Noble Truths?
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8-fold path = Right Views, Right Resolve, " Speech, " Conduct, " Livelihood, " Effort, " Mindfulness, & " Concentration.
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Budda's word for "release from selfishness & pain" by following the "eight-fold path"
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What is Nirvana?
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Budda rejected the many gods of Hinduism and the Caste System but taught reincarnation & enlightenment
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A powerful seafaring people (2000-1400 B.C.) on Crete in South Aegean Sea who traded fine painted pottery, swords, vessels of precious metals around Mediterranean Sea.
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What are Minoans?
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Spread their art & culture over the Mediterranean.
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The King of Minoa who legend says owned a half-human and half-bull monster-Minotaur whom he kept in the Labyrynth, a complicated maze he could not escape
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Who was King Minos?
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This civilization's King promoted women in higher rank, sacrifice of bulls & humans, and sports events: bull leaping, boxing & wrestling.
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Powerful traders along the Mediteranean Sea in present day Lebanon; founded wealthy city-states around the Med.
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Who were the Phoenicians?
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City-states: Byblos, Tyre, & Sidon; gave us the alphabet
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Greek Historian who recorded the Phoenicians circumnavigation of Africa through Red Sea & Straight of Gibraltar.
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Who was Herodotus?
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A monotheistic religion of the Jews whose father was Abraham.
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What is Judaism?
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Based on the Ten Commandments.
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A region at the eastern end of Mediteranean Sea named for the Philistines; cultural crossroads of ancient world
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What is Palestine?
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Home of the Phoenicians
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The home of the Hebrews (Jews) between the Jordan River & Mediteranean Sea as promised by God.
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What is Canaan?
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also ancient Palestine.
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The first 5 books of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament)
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What is the Torah?
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Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers & Deuteronomy.
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"Father of Hebrew People" who moved them to Canaan from Ur in Mesopotamia (1800 B.C.) & later to Egypt (1650 B.C.)
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Who was Abraham?
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he promised to obey Yahweh and began monotheism
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Belief in a single God.
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What is Monotheism?
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from mono meaning "one" & theism meaning "God Worship"
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A mutual promise between God & the founder of the Hebrew people, Abraham by promising to obey God.
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What is a Covenant?
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The man who led the Hebrews out of slavery in Egypt as God commanded of the Pharoah:
"Let my people go!" |
Who was Moses?
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Foretold the 7 plagues that struck the Egyptian people
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Moses spoke to God on top of Mt. Sanai & these laws were written on stone tablets by God
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What are the Ten Commandments?
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Became the basis of Civil & religious laws of Judaism as a "new covenant" betw. God & the Hebrew people
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Hebrews united under three able kings(1020-92B.C.) ; Saul, David, & Solomon in this new kingdom.
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What is Israel?
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Later split into two kingdoms: Israel & Judah. Both fell to Assyria which fell to King Nebuchanezzar
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A Jewish revolt divided the Kingdom in two (922B.C.) Israel in the North & ___?__ in the South.
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What is Judah?
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tribute was paid to Assyria to prevent attack. Northern Kingdom fell by 722 B.C. & Judah fell in 586 B.C.
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Peace money paid by a weaker power (Israel & Judah) to a stronger one (Assyriah)
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What is Tribute?
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Seige of Samaria, Israel by Assyria in 725 B.C.
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Babylonian King who conquered Judah & Jerusalem in 586 B.C., destroyed Solomon's temple & exiled Jews in Babylon
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Who was King Nebuchanezzar of Babylon?
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Palestine and Jews were occupied by Persians, Greeks & Romans.
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