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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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100 days
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after Napoleon returned from Elba, he was only popular again for 100 days before being exiled to St. Helena for life
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2nd estate
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Nobles, had serfs on farms, had to pay no tax 2% of the people. Detested enlightenment ideas.
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30 years war
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(1618-1648) This Bourbon vs. Habsburg War resulted from a conflict between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League in the Holy Roman Empire. Major French players included Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin.
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3rd estate
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97% everyone else (bourgeoisie) Lots of taxes and loved the enlightenment ideas.
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7 years war
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this war lasted from 1756-1763. It involved Britain Prussia, Hanover, and Portugal against France, Russia, Naples, Sweden, and Spain
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Act of Supremacy
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declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.
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Akbar
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Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. Known as the greatest one, he valued military and European technology. He brought economic prosperity with cotton and textiles, set up living quarters for beggars, set up a new religion (Din-I-llahi), abolished the Jizya (the tax on the non-Muslims), and allowed foreigners and local Hindus to hold gov. offices.
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Anne Boleyn
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Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her.
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Armada
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a large fleet of war ships. During the time, England had the largest and strongest armada in the world.
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Bastille Day
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a legal holiday in France celebrating the storming of the Paris Bastille in 1789. Happens on July 14
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Battle of Chaldiran
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16th Century. The Safavids vs. the Ottomans. This was caused because the Sunni Ottomans detested the Shiite Safavids and feared the spread of Safavid propaganda among the nomadic Turks in their territory. As soon as Selim the Grim became sultan of the Ottomans, he launched a persecution of Shiites in the Ottoman Empire and prepared for a full-scale invasion of Safavid territory. The ottomans badly damaged the Safavid state, but lacked the resources to destroy it, and the two empires remained locked in intermittent conflict for the next two centuries.
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Blockade
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the shutting of a port to keep people or supplies from moving in or out
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Calvinism
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Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state.
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Capitalism
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an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.
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Caravel
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a small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. (p. 427)
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Catholic Church Weakens
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People began to question church due to the renaissance and the invention of the printing press. The people involved in the Reformation began to question church teachings, authority, immorality in church leaders, incompetent leaders, possible lies being told to the people, extravagance (mainly the pope), clerical pluralism (holding many positions at the same time), and dominance. They wanted the church to practice what they preached. Luther was a huge player in the reformation of the Catholic Church.
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Cavaliers
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supporters of the King in the English Civil War
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Cervantes
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Spanish writer who wrote Don Quixote de La Mancha. This was the first modern European Novel.
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Charles I
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Dissolved parliament often but was forced to sign the petition of rights in order to receive more money from the treasury. He offended the Puritans and in 1637 tried to force Anglican principles upon them. Gets involved in a war with Spain and France and had to deal with the rebellion of the Scots. From 1642-1649 the English civil war occurred between supporters of Charles and the puritan parliament.
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Charles VI
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(r. 1711-40) Obsessed with keeping the Habsburg empire together, issued the Pragmatic Sanction. No male heir so the empire passed to Maria Theresa.
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Columbian Exchange
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the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa
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Concordat
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Agreement between Pope and Napoleon: Napoleon recognized Catholicism as the religion of the majority of France, Pope does not ask for any land back seized during the Revolution
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Conquest of Constantinople
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Ottomans from Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople in 1453. Mehmed II fired on the walls with his cannons, linked a chain across the straight to jeep ships out of the harbor and resupplying the city, took some of his ships out of the water and dragged them on runners to get them across the straight, mounted an attack on two sides of the city, and eventually was able to dominate the Bosporus straight.
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Conservatives
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sat on the right in the meeting hall, opposed more changes in government, trusted the king, and upheld the idea of limited monarchy
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Constitutional Monarchy
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A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is and defined by a constitution.
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Continental System
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Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe.
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Council of Trent
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called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.
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Coup d’état
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A sudden overthrow of the government by a small group. Translated as a blow to the state.
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Cultural blending
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cultural blending happens when dif. cultures interact with each other and mix. An example of this is the Safavid Empire. The Safavid Empire grew from Persian, ottoman, and Arab traditions. Blending begins at continental crossroads, trade routed/posts, and borders and is caused by migration, pursuit of religious freedom, trade, and conquest. Societies benefit only if they are willing to change and adapt. This leads to changes in language, religion, Gov. styles, technology use, military tactics, racial or ethnic blending, and arts and architecture.
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Daimyo
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Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai
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Decline of Spain
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King Phillip's hatred of Queen Elizabeth caused him to send a fleet of ships to defeat England. This fleet, known as the Spanish armada, was met by a storm on the way to England and was seriously weakened. Also, the ships were much larger than the British ships and they were too hard to maneuver in a big navy battle. The defeat of the Spanish armada signified the rise of the English and the decline of the Spanish as the dominant European power. From this point on, GB had one of the largest and most powerful naval fleets in the world.
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Decline of the Ottomans
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the ottomans were very slow to decline because it was such a large empire with immense wealth and culture. The Ottoman Empire was too large to be maintained because there was limited transportation and the sultan couldn’t watch all of his lands at one time. Because the empire was built on the foundation of war, the empire became segmented during peace times. Officials in the government began to become very corrupt because they were imposing high taxation on their people for their own personal use. People were beginning to rebel and run away to escape their poorly regulated government. Another reason the ottomans began to decline, was the government was running out of money to fund their wars, protect their people, and spend extravagantly.
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Devshirme
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in the Ottoman Empire, the policy of taking boys from conquered Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim janissaries. Often families wished for their sons to be taken because the boys were well educated and given options in the military and the government.
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Divine Right
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the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.
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Dutch exploration
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The Dutch had the largest navy at the time and also wanted to vie for power. They founded the Dutch East India Company which was allowed to create their own army, coin money, and make treaties.
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Edict of Nantes
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1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion, the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants
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Edict of Worms
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declared Martin Luther an outlaw within the empire and his works were to be burned and Luther himself captured and delivered to the emperor
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Edward VI
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(1547-1553) King Henry VIII's only son. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisors Cromwell and Cranmer.
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Effects of the printing press
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people questioned the church because now they could read scripture. People became literate and exploration was made possible (printing of maps). Propaganda becomes possible and books are cheaper and easier to find. Also laws became easier to follow and well known through the country. Caused ideas to spread more rapidly.
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El Greco
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Spanish painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human fingers and dramatic use of color (1541-1614)
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Elba
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this Island in the Mediterranean Sea off of Italy where Napoleon was initially exiled after he abdicated the throne for the first time. He promised to never leave, but does so and regains power in France for a short period called the Hundred Days
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Elizabeth I
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Queen of England from 1558 to 1603
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Escorial
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Spanish imperial palace built 1563-1584, combining a monastery, the tomb of Spanish Habsburgs, and a royal residence. The king used its size and beauty to flaunt his power.
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Explorations beginnings
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the spirit of the Renaissance caused people to want to explore and receive the Glory and gold, and spread Christianity.
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First estate
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made up of clergy. Very privileged, paid only two percent in taxes
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Frederick the Great
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King of Prussia (1740–1786). Successful in the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) and the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), he brought Prussia great military prestige in Europe. He encouraged religious tolerance and legal reform. Allied with Britain.
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French Revolution
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the revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.
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Glorious Revolution
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provided political stability, no need for revolution, allowed burghers to take risky investments. Called the glorious revolution because there was no bloodshed involved.
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Habeas Corpus
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the right not to be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime and having the right to go before a fair judge.
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Haiku
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3 unrhymed lines (5, 7, 5) usually focusing on nature
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Henry IV
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Married to Henry II and Catherine de Medici’s daughter, was descended from King Louis IX. Inherited the throne in 1589and became the first ruler of the Bourbon Dynasty when he changed his name to Henry IV. He was decisive, clever in battle, and a clever politician. Most Catholics opposed him so he converted from Protestantism to Catholicism. He set up the Edict of Nantes which allowed the Huguenots to live in peace and set houses of worship in some cities. He was devoted to rebuilding France and its prosperity so he restored the French monarchy. Son was Louis XIII.
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Hernando Cortez
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a brash and determined Spanish adventurer, Hernando Cortez crossed the Hispaniola to mainland Mexico with six hundred men, seventeen horses and ten canons. Within three years, Cortez had taken captive the Aztec emperor Montezuma, conquered the rich Aztec empire and found Mexico City as the capital of New Spain. (P.508-510)
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Hongwu
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First Ming emperor in 1368, originally of peasant lineage, original name Zhu Yuanzhang, drove out Mongol influence, restored position of scholar-gentry
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Humanism
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a movement towards individual advancement and the belief in the human spirit. Came about during the Italian Renaissance and provided room for the beginnings of secular humanism.
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Humanism
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studied the Latin classics to learn what they reveal about human nature. Emphasized human beings, their achievements, interests, and capabilities.
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Ignatius of Loyola
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Founder of the Jesuits
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Isma'il
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The Safavid Empire reached its height and size and grandeur during his reign. He did not accept the policy of religious tolerance. Isma'il was a Sufi commander who survived fierce local struggles, took Tabriz in 1501 were he was declared shah, conquered most of Persia, drove out the Ozbegs, advanced into Iraq, and ended up loosing to the ottomans. This defeat caused Isma'il to drink and seclude himself away from his people. This allowed his advisors and other powerful people in the empire to bid for power.
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Ivan the Terrible
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(1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia. He took the throne at age 3 and was later married to Anastasia Romanov. During his good period, he expanded Russia, made a code of laws, and was a very just ruler. When his wife died, his bad period began. He became paranoid and accused the boyars of killing Anastasia, formed the secret police, and kills his eldest son and only competent heir to the throne.
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Jacobins
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Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.
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Jahangir
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son of Akbar, weak ruler, married to Nur Jahan and left all of the ruling to her, intolerant
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Jamestown
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a former village on the James River in Virginia north of Norfolk
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Janissaries
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Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. See also Devshirme. These warriors were loyal only to their sultan.
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Jesuits
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Also known as the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.
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Johann Gutenberg
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German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468) printed the first bible in the vernacular. Leads to people questioning the church because now they could read scripture. People became literate and exploration was made possible (printing of maps). Propaganda becomes possible and books are cheaper and easier to find. Also laws became easier to follow and well known through the country. Caused ideas to spread more rapidly.
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John Calvin
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Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564), religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society, religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society
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John Knox
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Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572)
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John Lock
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believed that we as humans have natural rights 1. Life 2. Liberty 3. Property. He also thought that if the government wasn't protecting these rights for you, then you had the right to overthrow it. His belief was that the power of the government came from the people.
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Kabuki
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A popular type of Japanese drama combined with music and dance, it is the type of theatre in Japan(Played buy all male actors), Originates in the 1600s and is still very popular in Japan today. At first it is more of an erotic dance and fashion show. The Japanese government outlawed women to perform in the show because of its prostitution theme. Many families are involved in the Kabuki plays for centuries.
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Kangxi
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Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire.
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Leonardo Da Vinci
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1452-1519, the true Renaissance man, a painter, engineer, scientist, inventor and sculptor. Most famous for the Mona Lisa, great facial expressions, Ginevra de' Benci, Madonna of the Rocks, and the Last Supper.
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Liberals
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are open to change in government through reform
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Line of Demarcation
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imaginary north to south line running down the middle of the Atlantic and granted Spain the west of the line and Portugal the east. Later this caused the treaty of Tordesillas.
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Louis XIII
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king of France from 1610 to 1643 who relied heavily on the advice of Cardinal Richelieu (1601-1643)
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Louis XIV
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king of France from 1643 to 1715
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Louis XVI
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- King of France (1774–1792). Wasn’t interested in running the country and instead put the country into immense wealth. In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.
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Lutheranism
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the doctrine that is based off of the ideals and beliefs set forth by Martin Luther, Lutheranism went against the papal authority of the Church. Lutherans believed justification by faith alone.
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Magellan
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He was the first to prove that the new world really was a distinct landmass, separate from Asia. After sailing around the southern tip of South America he sailed westward across he Pacific and reached the Philippine Islands, claiming them for Spain.
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Maria Theresa
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this was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs, mother of Marie Antoinette, had to fight off Prussia as soon as she ascended to the throne
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Marie Antoinette
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married Louis XVI and was the Queen of France during the Reign of Terror. The pair tried to escape France in June 1791, during the Woman's march on Versailles, but were caught, arrested and brought back to Paris. They were then forced to live among the people who hated them most: the poor city folk whose hatred for her was fueled by the Queen's lavish lifestyle during the time they were starving. She was later convicted of treason and executed. She was nicknamed Madame Deficit.
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Martin Luther
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a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. Luther lead the reformation with ideas like salvation can be achieved by faith alone, the bible is the true authority, no one is closer to God than anyone else, the people ARE the church, the wanting of no pope or priests, vernacular services (not in Latin), the acceptance of priests being married, and the rejection of the Transubstantiations (the changing of the elements to blood and flesh, signifying Jesus' life here on earth.
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
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Maximilien Robespierre
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"The incorruptible," the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build a republic of virtue, Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror.
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Mazarin
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Richelieu's successor regarding centralization in France, ruled France during Louis XIV's childhood. Biggest achievement= ending the 30 years war.
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Mehmed II
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also called Mehmed the Conqueror, Murad's son, conquered Constantinople in 1453 and opened it to new citizens of many religions and backgrounds. The rebuilt city was renamed Istanbul. He destroyed what was left of the Byzantine Empire. He was a competent ruler and good warrior.
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Mercantilism
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the economic theory that a country's power is based on its wealth. The goals of Mercantilism included accumulating as much gold and silver as possible, have a favorable balance of trade, want to become self sufficient (the reason why colonies were so important.)
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Michelangelo
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One of the great Italian artists. He was known as a master. He not only painted portraits, but also designed buildings, wrote poetry, and painted murals on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. Some of his famous statues include the Moses, la pieta (in the Vatican), and the David.
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Middle Passage
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the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade
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Montaigne
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(1533-1592) the finest representative of early modern skepticism. Created a new genre, the essay.
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. (p. 591)
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Napoleonic Code
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a comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon
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Nobility
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a privileged class holding hereditary titles
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North vs. South Renaissance
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Northern: Began in Flanders (Wealthy merchant families lived in modern Netherlands), people tired of paying so much for goods from Italy, England and France both had good monarchs that were unifying their countries, and artists were escaping the war in Italy. In this time, artists were more interested in realism and their portraits looked very photographic. Often the paintings were of everyday life. The northern humanists based their social reform on Christian ideals and an ethical way of life. Southern: began after the crusades ended. At this time, feudalism and manorialism were the accepted social systems and the people allowed the Catholic Church to govern them. People began to question the church and this rebellious age began the reformation of the church. People began to paint and study classical literature and revert to old (Latin and Greek) ways. Italy was the main center for the renaissance because people were feeing to Italy to escape the crusades. Secularism and humanism views began to emerge.
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Oliver Cromwell
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this was the dictator who ruled over England after the English civil war. Originally, he had a constitution written up, but later he ripped it up and ruled as a dictator.
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Osman
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known as the most successful warrior (ghazi) built a small Muslim state in Anatolia between 1330-1326. Father of the second Ottoman leader,Orkhani. Credited with the founding of the Ottoman Empire.
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Patron
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one who gives support (usually financially) to an artist. They often commission works of their family heritage or to flaunt their wealth to the rest of society. Medici family of Italy is a good example of a patron.
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Perspective
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3 dimensional showing depth.
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Peter the Great
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(1672-1725) Russian tsar (ruled 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. From 1682-1696 he co-rules with his brother but then became the absolute ruler. Some of his western reforms included reduction of the boyars power, promotion of lower class men, made the first Russian newspaper, promotion of foreign learning, state controlled church, replacement of the patriarch with the holy Synod, appointment of the European officers in the army, heavy taxes to support the army, increase in the women's status, and the introduction of the potatoes.
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Phillip II
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was a shy and suspicious defended of Catholicism who fought the ottomans, was defeated by the English armada, and fought against the Protestants in the Netherlands (who declared their independence). Initially during his reign, Spain was very rich and able to support a large army. Note: golden age of the arts (Greco/Velasquez and Cervantes).
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Pizzaro
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For Spain. Led a small army in an invasion of the Inca Empire. He conquered the Inca and gained huge amounts of gold and silver for himself and Spain.
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Plebiscite
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a vote by the electorate determining public opinion on a question of national importance
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Predestination
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(theology) being determined in advance,(theology) the belief that what happens in human life has already been determined by some higher power
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Prince Henry
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Portuguese prince who started a school for sailors and sponsored early voyages of exploration
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Renaissance
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centered in Italy, reformation of religion, a new beginning, a rebirth of classical learning prior to the Middle Ages, beginning of secular views of the people. People began to dress extravagantly, focus on personal hygiene, and have a sense of personal pride.
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Renaissance man
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A person who is successful when it comes to working, and overall universal, knew how to dance, fight, sing, write poetry, and how to create art, and well educated with the classics.
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Richelieu
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architect of French absolutism who was prominent church official, served as chief minister to King Louis XIII from 1624- 1642, worked to undermine power of nobles and enhance that of the king, built large bureaucracy, attacked French Calvinists
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Roundheads
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Puritan supporters of Parliament, fighting the English Civil War from 1642-1649
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Rousseau
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believed in individual freedom and direct democracy.
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Safavid Empire
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The Safavid empire rose in the early 1500's close to the beginning of the decline of the Ottoman empire. They often engaged in combat because of their location in present day Iran. They were sandwiched between the Mughals of India and the Ottomans of the Middle East. They were Shiite Muslims, while the Ottomans were Sunnis, and the Ottomans despised them.
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Scorched earth policy
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military tactic where people voluntarily burn land and run away to prevent attacking groups from being sustained of their supplies
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Secular
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worldly, not pertaining to church matters or religion, temporal. These views were caused by the Renaissance.
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Selim the Grim
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Mehmed's grandson, captured Mecca and Medina and Cairo, effective sultan/great general, After Isma'il destroyed the Sunni population in Baghdad, responded by killing 40,000 Shi'a throughout the Ottoman Empire.
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Shah Jahan
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the fifth Mogul emperor of India. During his reign, from 1628 to 1658, the Mogul Empire reached its zenith in prosperity and luxury. He is remembered as the builder of the Taj Mahal (built for his beloved wife after her death). Later, his son took advantage of his weakness and threw him in jail to seize power. During his reign, the status of women declined even though he tried to raise it by getting rid of the practice of Sati (When a widow would burn herself along with her late husband’s body).
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Skepticism
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the idea that nothing can be known for certain.
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Slave trade
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the business of capturing, transporting, and selling people as slaves
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Suleiman
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a superb military leader, he conquered the entire eastern Mediterranean Sea. He was known as "the lawgiver" and "the magnificent". He streamlined the government bureaucracy, simplified the system of taxation, and revamped the laws of the empire. He was followed by strong leaders who continued to expand the size and power of the empire.
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Taj Mahal
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beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife
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Thomas Hobbs
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believed that all humans are greedy and that they need an absolute government to watch over them and give them law and order. Designed the social contract were citizens agree to give over total power to their monarch.
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Thomas More
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He was an English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society. (p.437)
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Timur the lame
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conqueror from Samarkand, who burned Baghdad crushing Ottoman forces at Battle of Ankara in 1402, halting expansion of Ottoman Empire
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Tokugawa Ieyasu
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Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan, granted title of shogun in 1603 and established Tokugawa Shogunate, established political unity in Japan
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Tokugawa Shogunate
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shogunate started by Tokugawa Ieyasu, 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants, Japan's ports were closed off, wanted to create their own culture, illegal to fight, merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished (because fighting was illegal), had new forms of art - kabuki and geishas
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Vasco de Gama
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A Portuguese sailor who was the first European to find a direct sea route to India and claim Brazil.
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Vernacular
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everyday language of ordinary people
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Viziers
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Advisors to the Sultan eventually became to powerful and tried to overthrow many sultans.
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Voltaire
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Believed in the freedoms of speech and religion and fought for tolerance. "I may not agree with what you are saying, but I will fight for your right to say it."
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Von Metternich
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head of congress of Vienna, was a diplomat for Austria
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Waterloo
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the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat
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William Shakespeare
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English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)
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Yonglo
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next great emperor, spreads Chinese culture, sent out expensive expeditions to Africa, India, and Southeast Asia to show off their inventions, he stops the expeditions because they were very costly, he then isolates china from the rest of the world
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Zheng He
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An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yonglo with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.
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