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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
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commonly used to describe a political regime dominated by three powerful individuals.
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Triumvirate
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New form of Roman government giving increased powers to a non-elective Princeps
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Principate
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Among the Romans, this name was given to a law, which had for its object, the division among the people of all the lands which had been conquered, and which belonged to the domain of the state.
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Agrarian laws
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characteristic of an absolute ruler or absolute rule; having absolute sovereignty
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authoritarian
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Knights-turned middling entrepreneurs from the provincial Italian towns with economic interests in Rome. Cultivated by Emperors as a counterweight in the imperial administration to senators, who saw them as a distinct class. Were co-opted into Senate, over time replacing most patricians.
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equites
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Post given to consuls after their year of tenure. Was a provincial military leadership assignment, its appointment came into hands of emperors as early as Augustus.
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Proconsul
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Head of the Praetorian Guard, the palace guard of the Emperor and his possessions. Became king-makers at times of socio-political instability. An Augustinian innovation.
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Praetorian Prefect
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Nerva's loans to small agriculturalists, the proceeds of which went to help the fisci of Italian and Gaulic towns. Continued by Trajan.
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Alimenta
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Trajan's idea to rebuild and repopulate Palestine with a non-Jewish, Roman capital.
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Aelia Capitolina
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Middle to large estates in Italy and southern Gaul. Material basis for patrician-equestrian wealth and city-growth.
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Latifundia
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Consul in 70s BCE, procunsul thereafter. Toured through, Near East reorganizing provinces there. Was in First Triumvirate with Caesar, before the they broke ranks and became chief antagonists until 46 BCE, when Caesar triumphed at Munda.
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Sextus Pompei
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Consul, then procunsul in 60s-50s When denied power by the Senate, crossed the Rubicon with his loyal forces and wrested power in Rome. Established the Triumvirate with Sextus Pompei, then the two split and became bitter rivals for power. Built a faction around himself and soon defeated Pompei, after which he took power in Rome and enacted major reforms of the Senate, settlement, etc. Assassinated by the Senate, which feared he was destroying the Republic, on March 15, 44 BCE.
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Caesar
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A lieutenant of Caesar, saw self as his heir. After Second Triumvirate of 43-33, in which he shared power with Octavian, the two came into open conflict. Allied with Cleopatra, but was finally defeated in 30 BCE.
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Marcus Antonius
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Second Triumvirate member. Retired soon after troops defected to Octavian.
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Lepidus
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Nephew of Caesar, adopted by him before latter's death, and listed as heir in will. Fought Mark Antony, eventually establishing undisputed, unchallenged rule over Rome and inaugurating the Principate. Ruled 30 BCE to 14 CE.
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Octavian
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Comrade-in-arms, friend, and adviser to Octavian. His generalship assured Octavian's victories, helped in the urban infrastructure of Rome, and assured the success of the Rhine campaigns. Died before he could become Emperor.
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Agrippa
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Last Caesar-Pompei era civil war battle. Caesar defeats Pompei in 46 BCE.
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Munda
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Actually refers the middle of the month; the ides of March simple means March 15. Made famous because on March, 15 44 BCE, Caesar was murdered by a group of senators led by Brutus and Cassius. The Senators feared he was becoming a monarch, and killed Caesar to save the Republic.
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Ides of March
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Final Octavian-Marcus Antonius battle, 30 BCE. Mark Antony loses naval battel as his squadrons and Cleopatra abandon him.
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Actium
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Site of Varrus' defeat and massacre of Roman legion by Germanic Barbarians in 7 CE. Only military disaster of Augustus' reign; ended his plans to conquer up to Elbe.
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Teutoburgian Forest
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Conspiracy of several Senators and Roman elites to unseat Nero and install the senator Piso in 64-65. It failed and all conspirators were murdered, leading to new trials and terrors.
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Piso's Conspiracy
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Battle between Otho and Vitellus at Cremona in 69 CE. Backed only by the Praetorian Guard, Otho was outnumbered and defeated.
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Bedricum I
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Battle between Antonius Primus and Vitellus at Cremona later in 69. Fighting on Vespasian's behalf, Primus defeated Vitellus when the latter's officers defected.
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Bedricum II
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Name given to Emperors rising to power on the strength of their armies after the fall of the Severi. These emperors often spent most of their time at war, fighting against Barbarians, Parthians, and Sassanids, though they themselves often were not pure Roman born.
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Barracks-room Emperor
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The idea of the political, economic unity of the Mediterranean world in which security, peace--pax--was guaranteed by Roman law and military force. A reality from 90 to 200 CE.
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Pax-Romana
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Elite force of palace guards established in the beginning of Empire period, to guard the person and family of the Emperor. From time to time, they would emerge as a political force, killing and proclaiming rulers. Eliminated at end of third
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Praetorian Guard
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Historic opponents of Roman rule in Mesopotamia, they became warlike again in 160s. Defeated by Marcus Aurelius, they caused intermittent problems into the 200s, then were replaced by the Sassanids, who were more aggressively expansionist and thus more of a threat.
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Parthians
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German Barbarian tribe on the north-central Rhine, they began invasions of Roman lands in the 160s, requiring Marcus Aurelius' sustained attention. Belong to the western German tribal groups.
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Marcomanni
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Barbarian tribe situated opposite the Roman borders in Pannonia (Balkans), they raided westward from the reign of Aurelius.
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Quadi
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Lower Balkan Germanic Tribes, they raided along with the Quadi during Marcus Aurelius' time. Were defeated by him.
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Sarmatians
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Persian dynasty that overthrew the Parthians in 220s. More aggressively expansionist than their predecessors, they claimed lands ruled by ancient Persian states going as far West as Palestine. Posed a large military threat to Roman lands until the 630s. Made life difficult for military emperors of third century.
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Sassanid
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A Germanic super-tribe emerging around 200 on the upper Rhine just opposite Gaul. Began raiding from the late 200s, and especially after the Hunnic arrival in the 300s.
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Alamanni
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