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283 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Period of human achievement prior to writing |
Prehistory |
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Three periods of prehistory |
Lower Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic, Neolithic |
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2 kinds of anthropological research |
Cross cultural, comparative |
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Methud of study where anthropologist lives among people and participates in daily lives |
Participant observation |
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Discovery of metals, concurrent with establishment of first civilisations |
Bronze Age |
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Came after Bronze Age |
Iron Age |
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4 prerequisites to civilisation |
1. Metal tools rather than stone.2. Writing.3. Calendar.4. Territorial state |
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Site of first known civilisations, near east (Persian Gulf to Sinai Peninsula) |
Fertile Crescent |
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Civilisations centred on rivers |
Fluvial Civilisations |
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2 countries where early civilisations developed along rivers |
India, China |
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Southern half of Mesopotamia |
Sumer |
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Northern half of Mesopotamia |
Akkad |
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Warlike and aggressive rulers of Mesopotamia |
Assyrians |
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Society credited with first known epic poem "The Epic of Gilgamesh" |
Sumer |
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Worship of one God |
Monotheism |
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Another name for Hebrews |
Ancient Israelites |
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How many Gods did Hebrews worship? |
One (they were monotheists) |
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Babylonian leader |
Hammurabi |
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Monarchs of Ancient Egypt |
Pharaohs |
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Empire centred in now-Turkey, conquered Babylonians |
Hittites |
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Developed an alphabet and contributed to various religions/philosophies |
Persians |
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Largest empire on Nile River |
Kush |
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Female heads of Kush state |
Kandake |
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Sea traders well known for skills in glass, metals and purple dye |
The Phoenicians |
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Bronze Age civilisation in Crete, famous for trade, used symbols to represent syllables in words |
Minoans |
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Planned early community in India |
Mohenjo-Daro |
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Ancient Peruvian agricultural society |
Norte Chico |
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Europe's first major civilisation |
Mycenaeans |
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3 Mycenaean city-states |
Sparta, Metropolis, Corinth |
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Greek responsible for birth of democracy in 510 BCE |
Cleisthenes of Athens |
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Where was theater born? |
Greece |
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Greeks who laid foundations of geometry |
Pythagoras and Euclid |
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Greek who calculated value of pi |
Archimedes |
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Prominent war between Greek societies |
Peloponnesian War |
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Persian Wars |
War Persians v. Greeks |
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Macedonian general who conquered Greece, Persia and Egypt, Phoenician cities, and part of India |
Alexander the Great |
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General who took over when Alexander the Great died |
Ptolemy |
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Alexander the Great's tutor |
Aristotle |
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Where was the Maurya Empire? |
India |
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Who bought the subcontinent of India together after Alexander the Great withdrew? |
Chandragupta |
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4 Chinese inventions |
Paper, printing, paper money, gunpowder |
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Site of civilisation famous for uniting most of the known European and Middle Eastern world |
Rome |
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Cultural aspects of Romans (contrasted with Greeks) |
Simple, practical, no nonsense |
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Eastern portion of Roman empire became known as... |
Byzantine |
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Where was Byzantine Empire close to? |
Middle East |
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Preserved Greek and Roman achievements and known for their exquisite artwork |
Byzantine |
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Roman law collected into clear system by Byzantine |
Code of Justinian |
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Christian nation that incorporated Greek philosophy, language, and literature with Roman govt and law |
Byzantine |
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5 major Germanic tribes across Europe |
1. Visigoths. 2. Ostrogoths. 3. Vandals. 4. Saxons. 5. Franks |
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Nomadic wanders across Arabian peninsula |
Bedouins |
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Centre of Arab religion |
Mecca |
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Name for flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina |
Hijrah |
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5 basic principles of Islam are called.. |
Pillars of Islam |
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What are the 5 pillars of Islam? |
1. Faith, 2. Prayer, 3. Charity, 4. Fasting, 5. Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) |
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Scandanavian seafaring warriors |
Vikings |
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Vikings who settled in Northern France became... |
The Normans |
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Made a trucevwith Vikings so they ended up controlling much of England |
Alfred the Great |
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What kind of system is feudalism? |
Economic and social |
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How did feudalism begin? |
As a way to ensure a king or nobleman could raise an army when needed |
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Who was at the bottom in feudalism? |
Peasants/serfs |
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Who was at the top in feudalism? (Owned all land) |
King |
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What was a Lord's sole obligation in feudalism? |
Protect serfs so they could continue to work for him |
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A system of loyalty and protection |
Feudalism |
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Similar to feudalism but consisted of self contained manors |
Manorialism |
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Guilds |
Organisations created by skilled labourers to protect quality, regulate buying/selling |
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What ended the feudal/manorial system? |
Black Death |
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Where did the crusades encroach on particularly? |
Palestine and Jerusalem |
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Who were crusades against (3 religions) |
Muslims, Greek Orthodox Christians, Pagan Slavs |
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Conatantinople was present day... |
Istanbul |
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Centre of Christian Byzantine empire |
Constantinople |
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How many Crusades? |
4 |
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Legacy of crusades |
Opened new routes between Europe and East, reinforced authority of Catholic Church/Pope, religious fervor would result in Inquisition in Spain and expulsion of Moors from Europe |
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Indians who invented decimal system and zero |
Guptas |
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Long time rulers of India, great believers in science and maths |
Guptas |
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Leader of the Mongols |
Genghis Khan |
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Famous grandson of Genghis Khan |
Kublai Khan |
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Largest empire the world has ever seen |
Mongol |
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What did Mongol empire include at its height? |
China, Russia, Persia, Central Asia |
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First Mongol emperor of China who founded Yuan dynasty |
Kublai Khan |
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Strong faith in Japan |
Shinto |
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Did feudalism last longer in Japan or Europe? |
Japan |
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Daimyo |
Land controlling lord of Japanese feudalism |
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Loyal soldiers of Daimyo, strict code of honour |
Samurai |
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Flourishing cities in Africa |
Ghana, Zimbabwe, Mali |
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Major trading center in Mali |
Timbuktu |
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Why was Ottoman empire a success? |
Could unite highly varied popupations (religious/ethnic tolerance as basis for a heterogeneous culture) |
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Chinese dynasties which focussed inwards |
Ming and Manchu |
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Believed in looking at life on Earth and reality rather than heaven |
Humanists |
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What were the two phases of the reformation? |
Protestant reformation and Catholic counter reformation |
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What was the protestant reformation a response to? |
Abuses of power in Catholic church |
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2 political reasons for protestant reformation |
Increase in absolute monarchs who wanted power over church, growth of nationalism |
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3 economic reasons for protestant reformation |
Greed of monarchs wanting church's land/wealth, resentment of papal tax, rise of middle clash |
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How did Protestant Reformation begin? |
In Germany with Martin Luther's revolt against church abuses, spread to Switzerland where Calvin led it |
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How did Protestant Reformation begin in England? |
Henry VIII trying to have marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled |
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How did Catholic church respond to Protestant Reformation? |
Catholic Counter-Reformation |
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Results of 2 reformations (4) |
1. Establishment of Protestant churches, 2. Religiously/politically divided Europe, 3. Increase in religious wars, 4. Increase in religious persecution |
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A shift in focus from belief to evidence |
Scientific revolution |
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Who started scientific revolution? |
Polish astronomer Copernicus |
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What controversial book did Copernicus write? |
Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres |
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2 astronomers whose work supported Copernicus' theory that sun not Earth was centre of solar system |
Brahe and Kepler |
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Most famous defender of sun as centre of solar system. Put under house arrest by church |
Galileo |
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Who did Galileo influence? |
Newton |
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A period of self study that focussed on applying reason to problems such as God and nature |
Enlightenment |
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Said people were formed by life experiences. Doctrine of empiricism (a theory of experience as truth) |
Locke |
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Built on Locke's theory of empiricism. Believed in skepticism |
Hume |
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A belief that rejects truth unless one has experienced something first hand |
Skepticism |
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Kant's famous essay |
Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment? |
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Social contract |
Belief govt existed because people wanted it to. Govt shouldn't encroach on basic human rights |
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3 men who believed in the social contract |
Rousseau, Locke, Jefferson |
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A revolution of lower/middle classes against excesses of ruling elite |
French Revolution |
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King of France who was in power when French Revn started |
Louis XVI |
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The royal prison of France destroyed during revn |
Bastille |
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Who did control pass to in French Revn after King Louis XVI was executed? |
Robespierre and the extreme Jacobins |
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What happened under Robespierre and Jacobins? |
Reign of Terror |
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What happened during Reign of Terror? |
Thousands of French nobles/enemies of revn executed |
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New ruling body after Robespierre was executed |
The Directory |
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Who emerged as dictator after the Directory failed? |
Napoleon |
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Czars |
Aurocratic rulers of postrevolutionary Russia |
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Where was the 1905 Revn? |
Russia |
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What war aggravated discontent in Russia? |
Russo-Japanese War |
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Peasants demonstrated outside Czar's winter palace to end Russo-Japanese War, but many were shot |
Bloody Sunday |
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Created constitutional monarchy in Russia, extended sime civil rights, gave parliament limited legislative lower |
October Manifesto |
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Who signed October Manifesto? |
Czar Nicholas II |
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Russia had one attempted revolution in 1910 and another in... |
1917 |
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Local councils and govts created to rule Russia after Czar abdicated |
Soviets |
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What did Lenin's Bolshevik party promise, which won support of peasants and exhausted military? |
Peace, Land and Bread |
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Who supported Lenin and the Bolshvik party in overthrowing govt? |
Red Guard |
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What kind of govt did Lenin install in Russia? |
Communist |
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Main cause of WW1 |
Nationalism |
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Whose assassination in Sarajevo set about events which culminated in WWI? |
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, hier to Austro-Hungarian throne |
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Which small conflict escalsted into WWI |
Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia |
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Allies in WWI |
Britain, France, Russia |
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Central powers WWI |
Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire |
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Agreement declared Nov 11 1918 ending WWI |
Armistice |
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Belief that society should control means of production |
Socialism |
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2 forms of socialism |
Communism, democratic socialism |
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Developed a theory that included need for industrial workers to overthrow capitalism and work towards a society with no govt or class divisions |
Marx |
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Aggressive form of nationalism which glorifies state and has single party system with absolute ruler |
Fascism |
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Pact saying if Soviet Union or Germany went to war, both countries would stay neutral |
Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact 1939 |
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Policy where European nations left Hitler alone |
Appeasement |
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German military tactics relying on surprise, speed, power |
Blitzkrieg |
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Vichy Government |
French govt body who collaborated with German invaders |
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Series of raids against Britain by Luftwaffe |
Battle of Britain |
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Largest WWII land battle on Western Front and last major German counteroffensive |
Battle of the Bulge |
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What did WWII strengthen and spread? |
Communism |
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Armenian genocide was perpetrated by who? |
Young Turks against Armenians |
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Number of Jews said to have been killed in Holocaust |
6 million |
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Declaration passed by UN in 1948 |
Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
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Process of organising new nations out of former colonies |
Nation building |
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Soldiers trained in North Vietnam |
Viet Cong |
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Who did US support in Vietnam war? |
South |
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Country which broke up into Kosovo, Croatia, Bosnia etc |
Yugoslavia |
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His leadership led to violence a d huge numbers of displaced people in Serbia (a Yugoslavian republic) |
Slobodan Milosevic |
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Rwandan genocide |
Murder of ethnic Tutsis and moderate Hutus by extremist Hutus |
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Globalism |
Principle of interdependence of all the world's nations. Free trade/Access to ideas |
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International organisation created by oil exporting countries |
OPEC |
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Capital of Ancient civilisation of Israel, claimed as a holy city by Muslims, Jews and Christians |
Jerusalem |
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Major result of Japan's Meiji restoration |
Modern industrial economy |
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Major result of India's muslim league in 1940 |
Partition into Muslim Pakistan and secular but Hindu India |
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Pan Africanism |
Solidarity and cooperation among African countries combined with independent foreign policy that avoided entanglement with Cold War |
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During 8th Century CE which pair of empires competed for control of central Asia? |
Abbasid Caliphate and Tang China |
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When was the greatest period of European expansion into Africa? |
1850-1900 |
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Converted to Christianity by missionaries of Byzantine Empire
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Russians
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The emergence of different factions in the Balkan peninsula at the end of the 19th c was a result of |
Shifting power as Ottoman empire waned |
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What effect did the Black Death have on Europe? |
Acute labour shortage resulting in higher wages and emancipation of many slaves |
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What happened after Communist party collapsed in Czechoslovakia? |
Rival ethnic states couldn't agree on national borders |
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Function of monks |
Christian missionaries who spread learning |
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Between 12th and 14th C both England and France.... |
Established parliaments to help royal authorities rule |
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One lasting contribution of Roman Empire |
System of law |
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Why did revolutionaries use guillotine? |
Believed to kill quickly and humanely |
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Strategic Defense Initiative's purpose |
Strengthen military by developing weapons that would intercept and destroy incoming missiles |
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How long ago did people arrive in America? |
15,000 and 30,000 years ago |
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President who had known hard times and believed a wealthy nation should try and improve living standards for all? |
Lyndon Johnson |
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To fight depression, Roosevelt believed the first thing to do was to |
restore faith in banks |
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What was the Contract with America? |
A legislative agenda promoted by Republican Party in 1994 |
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Carter's main foreign policy theme |
Be honest and truthful in foreign relations |
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Zoot Suit Riots during WW2 |
Combination of racism against Mexican Americans and the fear of juvenile crime |
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Progressive era bought in reforms in the areas of economic, political and social welfare, but not |
business |
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3 innovations retailers introduced in the late 1800s to sell goods to consumers |
ads in newspapers, mail order catalogues, chain stores |
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First writing system, developed by Sumerians |
Cuneiform |
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Sumerian epic telling of a flood |
Epic of Gilgamesh |
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Which country is Indus Valley in? |
Pakistan |
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Why did farmers by the Nile band together? |
To dig canals to control Nile's annual flooding and water their crops |
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King under who Babylon became powerful |
Hammurabi |
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One of Hammurabi's laws |
The strong may not oppress the weak |
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The French discovery of this led to hieroglyphs being deciphered (pics stand for sounds/letters, not just objects) |
Rosetta Stone |
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First civilisation in Europe |
Minoan of Crete |
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Largest Minoan palace |
Knossos |
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Civilisation which gave rise to Sanskrit and caste system in India |
Aryan |
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Who are Semitic people (2 kinds) |
Jews and Arabs |
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Ancient Hebrew manuscripts containing the oldest known texts of Old Testament |
Dead Sea Scrolls |
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First Hebrew according to Bible |
Abraham |
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Iran is named after these people |
Aryan |
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The Persian Empire (an Aryan tribe) became dominant under which king? |
Darius |
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What city does Homer tell of that was destroyed by Mycenaeans after a ten year siege? |
Troy |
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Where were the Mycenaeans from? |
Greece |
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What happened to Greece after Mycenaean civilisation ended? |
Went into Dark Ages as art of writing was lost before they relearned it from Phoenicians |
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Centre of Mayan civilisation during classic period |
Tikal in Guatemala |
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Powerful Mayan city in Yucatan Region |
Chichen Itza |
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Famous thinker in Chinese history |
Confucius |
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First person in China to argue that all men should be educated and that teaching could be a way of life |
Confucius |
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Taoist belief |
The underlying unity of nature makes everything what it is |
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Believed court officials should not plot for power but study music, poetry, history |
Confucius |
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What was ancient Greece made of in its early days? |
City-states |
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Mound with a temple on in each Greek city state |
Acropolis |
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Invented democracy |
Greeks |
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How did Siddhartha know to become a holy man? |
Saw 4 visions: old man, sick man, corpse, wandering holy man |
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Developed system of geometry |
Greek philosopher Euclid |
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Homer's 2 famous poems |
Illiad and Odyessy |
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Style created by Greek temples |
Classical |
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Invented the alphabet |
Phoenicians |
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Who ruled Republican Rome? |
Senate. In theory, Rome was governed by the people, but power was in hands of patricians. Plebeians (ordinary people) had little, slaves none. |
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Two generals who took over Rome and suspended the republic |
Pompey and Caesar |
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4 gospels |
Matthew, Mark, Luke, John |
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Under this dynasty, China became as powerful as Roman Empire |
Han Dynasty |
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Open market in Roman Town |
Forum |
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Greek cities were built on... |
Rigid grids |
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When the Roman Empire became so large, people spoke of the Roman Peace or... |
Pax Romana |
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Roman ruler who stuttered and was crippled but proved to be wise and humane |
Claudius |
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Public entertainment in Rome |
Ludi (games) like theatre, chariot racing, gladiator fights |
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Japan's religion "way of the Gods" |
Shinto |
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First great Indian empire created by Chandragupta |
Mauryan |
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Famous Mauryan elperor (grandsun of Chandragupta) |
Asoka |
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Promoted 'Universal Law' in India-tolerance, non violence and respect for all |
Asoka |
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This place was settled late |
Ireland |
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Who were the first Christians? |
Jews in Palestine |
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Constantine's religion |
Christian |
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When the Roman Empire split, it split into East and West. Which cities did they focus on? |
West Rome, East Constantinople |
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First pope |
Jesus' apostle St Peter |
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Main haven for learning in Dark Ages |
Monasteries |
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How did Constaninople fall? |
Ransacked by Crusader knights who were short on money |
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Greatest Byzantine emporer. Changed laws to improve life for women and poor |
Justinian I |
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What was the Silk Road? |
A trade route between China and the Mediterranean (Roman Empire) |
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Similarity between Moguls and Ottomans |
Both Muslim but tolerated other religions |
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Role of Russia in WW1 |
Weak due to Russian Revolution. Sided with France and GB but weak |
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Long series of wars in Europe 1618-1648. Initially between Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmenting Holy Roman Empire. Gradually developed into a more general conflict involving most of the great powers of Europe, becoming less about religion and more a continuation of the France–Habsburg rivalry for European political pre-eminence |
Thirty Years' War |
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Treaty which ended Thirty Years War which fixed many European boundaries |
Westphalia |
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Associated with Neolithic age |
Domestication of plants |
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Ended hunting and gathering |
Development of agriculture |
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Tigris-Euphrates Valley was the site of which two ancient civilisations? |
Babylonian and Assyrian |
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First practiced monotheism |
Hebrews |
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In the Indo-European family of langauges |
German, Hindi, Italian, Greek, Russian French (there are hundreds) |
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In the Uralic family of langauges |
Finnish, Estonian |
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Wars fought between Roman Empire and Carthage |
Punci Wars |
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What was lacking in early medieval civilisation? |
Travel and spread of ideas through trade and commerce |
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Forced to do penance because of his conflict with Pope Gregory VII |
Henry IV |
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Meeting where Trinity was affirmed |
Council of Nicea |
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Meeting which clarified many areas of Catholic doctrine in an attempt to counter Protestant Reformation |
Council of Trent |
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Confirmed humanity of Christ and that Mary was his mother |
Council of Chalcedon |
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Meeting which condemned Martin Luther and his writings |
Diet of Worms |
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Colonial expansion by western powers in late 18th/early 19th c mainly due to... |
Industrial revolution (need for natural resources) |
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Source of conflict between church and state in Middle Ages |
Doctrine of Papal Supremacy |
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Had greatest influence on outcome of WW2 in Europe |
Productive capacity of US factories |
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Mains ource of wealth/power in West Africa 400-1500 CE |
trans-Saharan salt and gold trade |
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Order of agricultural development |
Hunt gather- slash burn- plow |
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Economy of Incas |
Command, government directed |
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Inspired by French Rev'n and Enlightenment to lead liberation of S. America from Spain |
Simon Bolivar |
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In 1900, anti-foreign sentiment in China led to an uprising known as the...
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Boxer Rebellion |
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The collapse of the last Chinese Empire in 1912 was caused by the imperial government’s failure to...
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Control foreign influence |
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Only 2 African countries to retain independence by 1914 |
Ethiopia and Liberia |
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What was Great Britain’s stated reason for declaring war on Germany in 1914?
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German invasion of Belgium |
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How did Russia’s participation in World War I affect its empire?
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Economic hardships brought on by the war resulted in the downfall of the czar
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How did the Cheka (secret police) help Lenin gain control of Russia?
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They used terror tactics against the enemies of Bolshevism.
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Which nation sought to establish the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere between 1931 and 1945?
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Japan |
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Happened in Czechoslovakia
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The Arab oil embargo against the United States in 1973 was initiated because of U.S. support for...
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Israel in the Yom Kippur War
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Which leader’s policies included glasnost and perestroika?
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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What led to the shift in human societies from hunting and gathering to agriculture beginning circa 8,000 B.C.E. ?
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Climate change (end of ice age, spreading of warmth) |
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What best describes the political organization of Maya civilization circa 300–700 C.E.?
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A collection of independent city-states
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What contributed to the spread of Islam into East Africa before 1450 C.E.? |
Cultural diffusion along Indian Ocean trade routes
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What did Louis XIV of France and Peter the Great of Russia have in common as monarchs? |
Both rulers distrusted the people of the noble class and forced them to live in close proximity to their royal courts.
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The growth of sugar plantations in Brazil from 1500 to 1700 created a large demand for labor that was met by...
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mass migration of enslaved Africans.
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2 causes of Russian defeat in Russo-Japanese war |
1. Inadequacy of Trans Siberian railway 2. Industrialised nature of Japan |
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Why did the European revolutions of 1848 fail in the years immediately following the uprisings?
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Military repression and the splitting of labor and the middle class by elites restored authoritarian regimes.
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What was the most important contributing factor to the outbreak of the Iranian Revolution in 1979?
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The desire to restore Islamic fundamentalist theology as a political force
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What was an effect of the collapse of centralized communist governments on Eastern Europe in 1989? |
Ethnic conflict as a result of deep historical tensions
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Copernicus' universe |
heliocentric with central Earth, moon, sun |
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Why was there increase in pop'n 18th c? |
Western hemisphere crops |
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When did Japan create empire? |
1750-1900 |
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Consequence of Bantu migrations |
Spread farming/agriculture |
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Evidence of Bantu migrations |
Linguistic |
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Kepler's laws of planetary motion |
elliptical orbits, 3 laws, improved Copernicus' theories |
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Where was there little diary farming? |
East Asia |
