World History

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The domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region

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imperialism a region in which a local ruler was left in place but expected to follow the advice of European advisors on issues such as trade or missionary activity

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A region in which a local ruler was left in place but expected to follow the advice of European advisors on issues such as trade or missionary activity

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protectorate

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An area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges

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sphere of influence

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How did Western nations come to dominate
much of the world in the late 1800s?

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Great Britain and other Western countries built overseas empires in the late 1800s. Advances in science and technology, industry, transportation, and communication gave these industrialized nations many advantages.
Armed with new economic and political power, Western nations set out to dominate the world.

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Causes of the "New Imperialism"

Economic Needs:

Political and military needs:

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New sources of raw materials
New markets to sell goods
New ventures and enterprises

Naval refueling bases
Stopping the expansion of rivals
Promoting national security and prestige

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Although Europeans had Established colonies earlier, they had previously had little direct influence over people in _____,_____, and _____

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China, Africa, and India

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Missionaries, doctors, and colonial officials saw it as their duty to _______________

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spread the blessings of Western civilization.

medicine, law, and religion

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Social Darwinists saw imperialism as nature’s way of improving

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the human race

(Many people lost their cultural heritage)

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National pride 
and aggressive foreign policy came to be known as _____

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Jingoism

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Imperialists found support among all classes of society, including _____

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bankers, manufacturers, and workers.

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Disadvantages 
of the 
non-Western nations

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The Ottoman and Chinese civilizations were in decline.
The slave trade had damaged African nations.

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Advantages 
of the Western nations

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They had strong economies and well-organized governments.
They had superior technology 
in weapons, communication, medicine, and transportation.

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In the West, a small group opposed imperialist actions.

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Some saw imperialism as a tool of the rich.
Some felt it was immoral.
Others saw it as undemocratic. Westerners were moving toward greater democracy at home, they noted, but were imposing undemocratic rule on others.

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DIfferences between France and Britain's ruling

France- Ruled directly
Britain- Ruled indirectly

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France- French administrators were sent.
The goal was to impose French culture.

Britain- Local rulers were left in charge.
The children of the ruling class were educated in England.
The goal was to groom or “Westernize” future leader

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Colonial powers used additional methods to rule.

They often used protectorates.

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Local leaders were kept in office.
Colonial advisors told them 

what to do
This method was less costly.

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Colonial powers used additional methods to rule.

Spheres of influence were carved out.

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Colonial powers claimed exclusive right to trade or invest in a particular area.
The goal was to prevent conflict with other colonial powers.

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scholar who inspired resistance against corruption and European control; began an Islamic revival in northern Nigeria

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Usman dan Fodio

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military leader of the Zulu who united his people, setting off a series of wars in southern Africa

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Shaka

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governing a country as a father would a child

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paternalistic

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an African explorer and missionary who hoped to open the African interior to trade and Christianity to end slavery

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David Livingstone

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American journalist who trekked across Africa and “found” Dr. Livingstone in 1871

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Henry Stanley

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king of Belgium who set off a scramble among European powers for African colonies in the late 1800s

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King Leopold II

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1899–1902; a war in which the British defeated Dutch Boers in South Africa

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Boer War

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leader of forces fighting the French in West Africa

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Samori Touré

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queen of the Asante who led her people’s battle against the British in West Africa

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Yaa Asanewaa

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woman who led the Shona of Zimbabwe against the British until her capture and execution

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Nehanda

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reforming leader who tried to modernize Ethiopia, allowing it to avoid colonial takeover

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Menelik II

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upper class

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elite

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How did imperialistic European powers claim control over most of Africa by the end of the 1800s?

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In the late 1800s, Britain, France, Germany, and other European powers began to compete for African territories. Within about 20 years, the Europeans had carved up the continent and dominated millions of Africans.
Although many resisted, Africans could not prevent European conquest of their territory.

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North 
Africa

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Since before 1800 this region was part of the Muslim world. In the early 1800s the Ottoman empire controlled this area.

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West Africa

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Site of an Islamic revival led by Usman dan Fodio, who called for Sharia law and exclusion of Europeans.
In the forests, the Asante gained control.
More than a dozen Islamic leaders rose to power, replacing older rulers or founding new states in the western Sudan. Some leaders and states chose to trade with Europeans.

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East Africa

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Muslims had long carried out a profitable trade in cities such as Mombasa.
Slaves, ivory, and copper were exchanged for Indian cloth and firearms.

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Southern Africa

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The powerful warrior Shaka united many of the Zulu.
As the Zulu pushed south, they met the Boers. The Boers moved inland in 1814 on their “Great Trek” resisting British control along the coast.
The Zulu fought fiercely but could not match the Boer’s weapons.

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The best known of the missionaries was

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Dr. David Livingstone.

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Livingstone believed trade 
and Christianity were the ways to

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end the slave trade.

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In 1871, the American journalist ______ trekked across Africa to “find” Livingstone.

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Henry Stanley

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Stanley “found” Livingstone in present-day ______, greeting him with his now-famous words: __________________

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Tanzania

“Dr. Livingstone, I presume.”

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Later hired by King Leopold II of Belgium, Stanley explored _______________ seeking wealth and fame and setting off a competition for colonies.

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the Congo river basin

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No _____ were invited to the conference, 
which recognized Leopold’s private ownership of the Congo.

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Africans

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It was further agreed that ________ had to send officials to control the areas they claimed.

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Europeans

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With little regard for ethnic or linguistic boundaries, Europeans split _____ among themselves over the course of 20 years.

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Africa

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In the Congo, brutal abuses took place as the people were exploited for _____,_____, & _____

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ivory, copper, and rubber.

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International outrage forced Leopold to turn the Congo over to _______

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Belgium.

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In 1908 the Congo became the _________

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Belgian Congo.

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______ later extended its control into Tunisia and sections of Central and West Africa.

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France

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Britain’s quest for empire was championed by ________

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Cecil Rhodes.

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Rhodes proposed a British railroad from ______ to ______

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Cape Town to Cairo.

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Britain’s takeover of South Africa in the Boer War led to ________________ lasting until 1993.

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racial segregation

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One African nation that resisted colonization was the ancient kingdom of __________

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Ethiopia.

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a Sudanese man who announced he was the Mahdi, setting off resistance to British expansion in northern Africa

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Muhammad Ahmad

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a Muslim savior of the faith

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Mahdi

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provincial ruler in the Ottoman empire

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pasha

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a Muslim ruler

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sultan

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a deliberate attempt to destroy a cultural, racial, or political group

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genocide

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father of modern Egypt; expanded cotton production, encouraged development, increases participation in world trade, and invited Western military experts to Egypt to help build a well-trained, modern army

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Muhammad Ali

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special right given to a foreign power, such as the right to drill for oil or export minerals

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concession

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How did European nations extend their power into Muslim regions of the world?

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Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign highlighted the Ottoman empire’s decline and opened a new 
era of European contact with Muslim regions of the world.

European countries had just been establishing footholds at the edges of Muslim countries. Before long, they would strike at their heartland.

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In some places, scholars and religious leaders stirred up ________

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discontent.

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___________ led the struggle to reform Muslim practices in northern Africa.

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Usman dan Fodio

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In Sudan, _________claimed to be the Mahdi, or savior.

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Muhammad Ahmad

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In Arabia, the __________movement called for a return to the simplicity and purity of Muhammad’s day.

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Wahhabi

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The bureaucracy and tax systems were .

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reformed

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Europeans advised on ___________

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military training.

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Young men were sent to the West for __________ & __________

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technological and scientific training.

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Improved _______ brought a population explosion and increased competition for land.

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health

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Many local sultans objected to ________ideas that threatened their autonomy and power

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Western

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Reformers called “Young Turks” did press for liberal reform but were stopped by ________

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World War I.

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Large irrigation projects expanded __________

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farming.

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Cotton and other industries were __________

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promoted.

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Military modernization led to the conquest of weaker _______

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neighbors.

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In 1858, a French entrepreneur, ___________, organized a company to build the Suez Canal. The English gained control when one of 
Ali’s successors fell into debt to Britain.

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Ferdinand de Lesseps

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Opened in 1869, the 100-mile-long Suez Canal cut the distance for ships traveling from India to London by over ____ miles.

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5,000

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The _______ took steps to modernize, such as building rail and telegraph lines and experimenting with constitutional government.

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Qajar shahs

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_______ wanted to protect its southern frontier and _______ its interests in India.

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Russia

Britain

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When ____ was found, both gained concessions (Russia and Britain) and then sent troops to protect those interests.

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oil

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Persian nationalists were split, some desiring to _______ and others to return to ________

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Westernize

Islamic law.

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Hindu custom that called for a widow to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral fire

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sati

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Indian soldier hired by the British East India Company; sepoys rebelled in 1857

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sepoy

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British official who ruled in India in the name of the queen

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viceroy

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the destruction of forest land

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deforestation

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Indian reformer who founded Hindu University in Calcutta; sought to reform but not replace Indian culture

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Ram Mohun Roy

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the isolation of women into separate quarters

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purdah

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By the mid-1700s, however, the Mughal empire was collapsing from a lack of _______

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strong rulers

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As the Mughal empire declined, the British gained control. By 
the mid-1800s 
the company controlled ______ of India.

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3/5

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The_______________ goal was to make money, which it did, but British policies aimed to improve India as well.

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East India Company’s

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The East India Company pushed for social changes such as ending ________ and _______

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slavery and the caste system.

Front 87

For ________, such travel was forbidden.

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high-caste Hindus

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The sepoys saw this violation 
of Hindu practice as an attempt to ___________ them.

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Christianize

Front 89

The cartridges were greased with cow or pig fat. Cows were sacred animals 
to _______, and pigs were forbidden to _______.

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Hindus

Muslims

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With some local cooperation, India became the crown jewel of the ______ empire.

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British

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British promoted _____ and ______ regardless of caste.

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equality and justice

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______ were able to travel and communicate more easily.

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Indians

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When Britain flooded India with machine made textiles, it ruined India’s prosperous _________ industry.

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hand-weaving

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The upper class and educated Indians adopted more _____ ways.

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modern

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Hindu and Muslim religious leaders opposed ________ modernization.

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British-style

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_______ tried to combine the old and the new in the early 1800s.

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Ram Mohun Roy

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As Indian classics were translated, many Englishmen gained respect for ______ and ______.

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Indian literature and religious ideas

Front 98

Paternalistic English leaders such as historian _______ had little respect for other cultural traditions.

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Thomas Macaulay

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In 1855 the Indian National Congress met to propose ________ and ________

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self-rule and democracy.

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Fearful that Hindus might dominate any government, Muslims began talking about a ______.

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separate state

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the difference between how much a country imports and how much it exports

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balance of trade

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situation in which a country exports more than it imports

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trade surplus

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situation in which a country imports more than it exports

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trade deficit

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a war that took place in 1839 when China outlawed opium and clashed with British merchants selling it in China; British gunboats easily defeated the Chinese

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Opium War

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payment for losses in a war

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indemnity

Front 106

the right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation

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extraterritoriality

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a massive peasant uprising against corruption in the Qing dynasty; between 1850 and 1864, 20 to 30 million may have perished

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Taiping Rebellion

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the 1894 war in which Japan took Taiwan

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Sino-Japanese War

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the 1899 United States policy demanding open trade in China

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open door policy

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the young emperor who attempted to bring reform to the Qing dynasty

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Guang Xu

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anti-foreign movement in China from 1898-1900

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Boxer Uprising

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also known as Sun Yat-sen; named first president of new Chinese republic in 1911

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Sun Yixian

Front 113

By the 1800s, however, ______ nations were using their growing power to tilt the balance of trade with East Asia in their favor.

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Western

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China had long enjoyed a favorable balance of trade with ______

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Europeans.

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British merchants also began selling ____ to the Chinese, causing gold to flow out of China and disrupting the economy.

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opium

Front 116

The Chinese were no match for British _______ and were easily defeated.

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gunboats

Front 117

The Chinese were forced to sign the _______. The treaty included payment of a huge indemnity to Britain and granted British subjects in China extraterritoriality.

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Treaty of Nanjing

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Massive_______ in the Huang Valley resulted from failure to maintain dams and dikes.

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floods

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Western technology was feared as _______

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disruptive.

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The _______ way had served China well for centuries, and most feared changing what worked.

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Confucian

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In 1898 _____ joined the Western imperialists in competition to develop an empire in China.

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Japan

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In the Sino-Japanese War that followed, China lost the island of _____ to the Japanese.

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Taiwan

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Reformers blamed the ________ for China’s failure to look ahead.

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conservatives

Front 124

Young emperor Guang Xu launched the __________ in 1898.

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“Hundred Days of Reform”

Front 125

As a result 
of the ______, even conservatives had to admit that China needed to modernize.

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Boxer Rebellion

Front 126

By the early 1900s, reformers created a constitutional monarchy, and some even called for a ______.

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republic

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A republic was set up under 
_______who advocated the “Three Principles of the People.”

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Sun Yixian,

Front 128

The "Three Principles of the People"

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Nationalism
Democracy
Livelihood