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191 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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An intricate design composed of curved lines that suggest floral shapes, appeared in rugs, textiles, and glasswares
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arabesque
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one of the five pillars of islam, pilgrimage to Mecca that all muslims are expected to make at least once in their lives.
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hajj
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slender tower of a mosque, from which muslims are called to pray
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minaret
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muslim ruler
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sultan
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polish king, broke the ottoman siege of vienna
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jan sobieski
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justinian's wife, advisor, and co-ruler
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theodora
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known for his reform of the law. built the Hagia Sophia, ruled as an autocrat,sole ruler
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justinian
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excercised authority over other bishops in their area
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patriarch
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ottoman ruler, captured Constantinople
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Muhammad 2
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landowning noble in Russia under the czars
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a boyar
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under this ruler kiev enjoyed a golden age; this ruler issued a written law code
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Yaroslav
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brought much of northern Russia under his rule. took the title of "czar"
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Ivan the Great
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Mongol chief. imposed strict military discipline and demanded absolute loyalty
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Genghiz Khan
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Queen of Poland. poland's greatest age
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Jadwiga
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western world's 1st important female historian. wrote during the Byzantine Empire. "Alexlad"
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Anna Comnena
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earned her living as writer, "The city of ladies"
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Christine de Pizan
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summoned parliament to approve money for his wars in france
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Edward 1
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agreed to give Byzantine emperor, Alexius 1, christian knights. called for a crusade
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Urban 2
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"The Canterbury Tales", follows a band of english pilgrims traveling to thomas beckett's tomb
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Geoffrey Chaucer
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pope, extended the cluniac reforms to the entire church. outlawed marriage for priests and prohibited simony
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gregory 7
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pope, claimed supremacy over all other rulers. excommunicated King John and kingdom was under interdict
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innocent 3
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ended the poicy of religious toleration. brought a brutal crusade against jews and muslims . Queen of spain.
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Isabella
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"Summa Theologica", explained christian teachings in light of reason. "faith and reason existed in harmony"
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Thomas Aquinas
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king of england census -doomesday book
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William the Conqueror
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saint; led the french to victories
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Joan of Arc
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used reason to support christian beliefs
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scholasticism
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were in guilds
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medievel merchants
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permanent split
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schism
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holy war
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crusade
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everday language of ordinary people
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vernacular
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worked with a merchant to learn a trade
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apprentice
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viking, setup a short lived colony on north america
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leif erickson
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feaudalsitic society; mounted warrior
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knight
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wandering poet in europe
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troubador
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revived latin learning in his empire
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charlemagne
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study of past people and cultures
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archaeology
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object made by human beings
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artifact
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thick sheet of ice that covered parts of the earth during the ice age
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glacier
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earliest period of human history
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Old stone Age
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study of people, their environment, and the resources available to them
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geography
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political unit made up of a city and the surrounding lands
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city-state
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person who moves from place-to-place in search of food
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nomad
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spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another
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cultural diffusion
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woman who excercised rights of a pharoah
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Queen Hatshepsut
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King of Babylon, published set of laws; "Code of ____"
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Hammurabi
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monotheistic, prophet= Abraham; judaism
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Hebrew
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leader of egypt, belived to be a god
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pharoah
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sailors, purple dye, alphabet
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phoenician
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seasonal wind. in India= winter- hot,dry weather summer- rain
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monsoon
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group of families with a common ancestor
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clan
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fine windblown yellow soil
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loess
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picture that symbolizes an idea or action
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ideograph
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elected warrior chief of an Aryan tribe in ancient india; local Hindu ruler in india
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rajah
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Maurya emperor; brought peace&prosperity&unity
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Asoka
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leader of maurya empire; first great indian empire
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chandragupta maurya
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taught harmony resulted when people accepted their place in society
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confucius
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founded religion of buddhism
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Siddharta Gautama
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believed "nature of man is evil"- legalism
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hanfeizi
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defeated Antony for the title of princeps, or the first citizen. ordered a censes. stable government
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Augustus
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spread christianity; apostle
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Paul
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wrote the Aeneid- showed Rome's heroic past rivaled that of the Greek's
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Virgil
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people believe he's the son of god
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Jesus
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germanic leader, ousted the emperor in rome. event known as the "fall" of Rome
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Odoacer
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famous in the muslim world as a scholar and astronomer, The Rubaiyat, collection of 4-line poems
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omar khayyam
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founded the abbassid dynasty
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abu al-abbas
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greatest muslim mathematician , his work pioneered the study of algebra
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al-khwarizmi
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founder of the Sikh religion; sikhism
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nanak
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religious community
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millet
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used powerful army to forge the largest state that existed in West Africa
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Sonni Ali
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founded the empire of Mali
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Sundiata
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bishop of Hippo in North America. combined greco-roman learning with christian doctrine
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augustine
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king of ethiopia, under his rule christian monks built a number of remarkable chruches
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Lalibela
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nubian king; conquered Egypt
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Piankhi
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process by which fertile or semidesert land becomes desert
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desertification
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title for the king of mali
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mansa
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a lord who was granted land in return for service to a greater lord
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vassal
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founder of the incan empire
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pachacuti
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lived in the four corners of Arizona, built pueblos
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Anasazi
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the sun god of the incas
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Inti
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lived in the far north. igloos, hunting, and fishing
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inuits
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earliest american civilization, built cermonial centers
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Olmecs
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chief Aztec god; sun god
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Huitzilopotchli
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mississippian; built earthen mounds
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Cahokia
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all incan roads ran through here; temple of the sun located here
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Cuzco
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city; well planned. influenced Aztecs
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Teotichucan
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mayan city, large palaces
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Tikal
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first Aztec city, island with chinampas (artificial islands)
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tenochititlan
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dome shaped homes made from snow and ice
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igloo
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a large underground chamber used for religious ceremonies
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kiva
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a collection of knotted ,colored strings
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quipu
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payment that conquered peoples were forced to make to thier conquerors
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tribute
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ceremonial gift-giving by wealthy Native Americans of the North west coast
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potlatch
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bridgelike stone structure that carried water from hills to the cities
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aqueduct
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religious belief that is contrary to to the official teachings of a church
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heresy
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system of government in which officials are chosen by the people
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republic
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high ranking church official with authority over a local area
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bishop
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basic unit of the anicent roman empire
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legion
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person who suffers or dies for his or her beliefs
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martyr
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soldier serving in a foreign army for pay
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mercenary
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member of the landholding upper class in ancient rome
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patrician
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member of the lowerclass in ancient Rome
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plebian
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savior sent by god
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messiah
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from carthage; led army on elephants through the Alps into Italy; Punic Wars
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Hannibal
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wrote the Odyssey and the Illiad
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Homer
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athenian philosopher, socratic method- asking questions
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socrates
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archon of athens, outlawed debt slavery and freed those who had been in debt slavery
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Solon
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golden age for athens; direct democracy
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Pericles
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maurya emperor who converted to Buddism
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Asoka
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hindu god, the creator
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Brahma
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founded buddism
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Siddartha Gautama
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hindu god; the destroyer
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Shiva
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repect for parents
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filial piety
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complete control over a business or product
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monopoly
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belief in the rebirth of the soul in another bodily form
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reincarnation
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large domelike Buddist shrine
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stupa
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family headed by the father, husband, or oldest male
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patriarchal
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persian king, sent troops to Marathon=defeated
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Darius
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king of babylon,empire stretched from persian gulf to Mediterranean sea
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Nebuchadnezzar
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pushed egyptian rule northward. most powerful pharoah of the new kingdom
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Ramses 2
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triangular area of marshland formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of some rivers
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delta
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believing in one god
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monotheistic
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large landmasses that juts out from a continent
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subcontinent
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pyramid temple dedicated to the chief god or goddesses
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ziggurat
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practice of preserving bodies of an ancient sumerian city-state
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mummification
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how do archaeologists find out about early peoples?
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study artifacts, such as clothing, coins, artwork, and writing
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A new discovery about Stone Age life would most likely be made by?
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an archaeologist
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How do historians help us learn about the past?
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they study written evidence
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What evidence suggests that early people believed in life after death?
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began burying the dead with great care. provided the dead with toold, weapons, and other goods thought to be needed in the after life.
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What marked the beginning of civilization?
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the rise of cities
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Where did the first cities emerge?
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along rivers; Tigris and Euphrates; Nile River; Indus River; Huang He
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What aided cultural diffusion among ancient peoples?
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migration, trade, and warfare
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The Code of Hammurabi was a major achievement for what reasons?
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first attempt by a ruler to codify all the laws that would govern a state
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What geographic feature had the greatest influence on ancient Egypt?
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the Nile River
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Middle eastern civilization was spread throughout the Mediterranean by who?
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Persians
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What holy text is contained in the Mahabharata?
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Bghaagavad- Gita
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According to the Bhagavad-Gita, what is an important Aryan religious belief?
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religious beliefs about the immortality of the soul and the importance of duty
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What technological advances were achieved by the Chinese?
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an accurate calendar, bronzemaking, made silk thread, fishing reels, wheelbarrows, made the frist books, durable paper,
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What term refers to people who trace their inheritance and descent through the mother's side? father's side?
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matrilineal; patrilineal
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khoisan people adapted to the Kalahari environment by doing what?
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gathered roots and herbs and hunting small game
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Monsoon winds aided trade between East Africa and ___.
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India
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What leader set up a muslim dynasty in Songhai?
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Askia Muhammad
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King Ezana of Axum strengthnd ties with the Mediterranean world by doing what?
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by merging cultures
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What ruler made a hajj that resulted in trading and diplomatic ties between Mali and other Muslim states?
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Mansa Musa
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The fact that the city of Mohenjo-Daro was carefully planned is evidence of what?
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a strong central government
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Why was the Magna Carta important?
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it protected the privelages of the barons. recognized legal rights of citizens and the church. asserted nobles had certain rights. Made it clear that the monarch must obey the law.
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A major conflict between the Holy Roman emperors and the popes concerned what?
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Gregory 7 wanted to make the church independent of secular rulers. He also banned the practice of LAY INVESTITURE.
Henry 6 felt he was above the pope. Solved by the Concordat of Worms .church=sole power to elect and invest bishops w/ spiritual authority. emperor= right to invest them with fiefs |
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The incan road system was built primarily for the purpose of allowing what?
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the quick movement of the army
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The Incan Chosen Women were trained to do what?
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prepare ritual food and drink and make the elaborate wool worn by the Saya Inca and the Coya
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Describe the influence of Middle American civiliaztions on North American cultures?
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many religious beliefs are the same and the way they eat and farm
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Describe Mayan government.
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had a ruling chief surrounded by nobles= military leaders&official, women occasionally governed. priests held great power
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The manor economy was based on what?
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a feudalistic society
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New agricultural technologies in the middle ages led to what?
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a surplus of food which in turn led to a rise in population
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What helped unite Charlemagne's empire?
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the idea of a untied christian community
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Chivalry governed relations bewteen who and who?
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noblemen and noblewomen
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The church had great power over people during the Middle Ages because?
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the only way to avoid the tortures of hell was to believe in christ and participate in the sacrements. The church administred the sacrements.
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Which group dominated the economic and political life of towns during the high middle ages?
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monarchs, nobles, and church
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Greek theater evolved out of what?
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popular myths and legends
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Alexander's most lasting achievement was what?
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the spread of greek culture
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A form of government controlled by a small, powerful elite from the business class is called?
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oligarchy
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Athens enjoyed a golden age under the leadership of who?
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Pericles
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According to Aristotle, the best government was ___.
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by a single, strong virtuous leader.
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In the fields of art and literature, Romans were generally influenced by the culture of what ancient people?
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Greece
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The first American civiliztion emerged where?
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tropical forests along the Mexican Gulf coasts
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What civilization ruled an area that included the Andes mountains?
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The Incas
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India enjoyed a golden age during the Gupta dynasty because?
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trading and farming flourished; power was left in the hands of individual villages.
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Which philosophy taught that government should pass strict laws and enforce them with harsh punishments?
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legalism
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the trade route that linked China with the west became know as the what?
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Silk Road
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In Hindu society, the purpose of the caste system was to do what?
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help ensure social order
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Han emperors based their rule on the teachings of what political thinker
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Confucius
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China became the most technologically advanced civilization in the world under the rule of what dyansty?
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Han
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The Byzantine empire reached its greatest size under who's rule?
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Justinian
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What group of people finally conquered the Byzantine empire?
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Ottomans
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The split between the Sunni and Shiite Muslims began with disagreement over what?
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who would be caliph
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What word best describes Muslim trade?
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international; exstensive
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Sikhism blended the beliefs of Islam with those of what religion?
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Hinduism
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What ruler strenghtened the Mughal empire by promoting religious harmony through tolerance?
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Akbar
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What governmental characteristic was common between the Ottoman and Safavid empires?
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each had ONE strong leader
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The Nubian capital of Meroe was an important producer of what?
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iron ores
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Which philosophy taught that government should pass strict laws and enforce them with harsh punishments?
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legalism
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the trade route that linked China with the west became know as the what?
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Silk Road
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In Hindu society, the purpose of the caste system was to do what?
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help ensure social order
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Han emperors based their rule on the teachings of what political thinker
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Confucius
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China became the most technologically advanced civilization in the world under the rule of what dyansty?
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Han
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The Byzantine empire reached its greatest size under who's rule?
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Justinian
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What group of people finally conquered the Byzantine empire?
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Ottomans
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The split between the Sunni and Shiite Muslims began with disagreement over what?
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who would be caliph
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What word best describes Muslim trade?
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international; exstensive
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Sikhism blended the beliefs of Islam with those of what religion?
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Hinduism
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What ruler strenghtened the Mughal empire by promoting religious harmony through tolerance?
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Akbar
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What governmental characteristic was common between the Ottoman and Safavid empires?
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each had ONE strong leader
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The Nubian capital of Meroe was an important producer of what?
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iron ores
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