World History 1 Final

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Common characteristics of earlyAfrican societies

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•Importance of family/kinshipties, communal sharing of resources

•Communities ruled by group ofelders rather than a central king•

Animist religion was extremelyimportant, use of ritual dances, belief in spirit possession

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Mansa Musa,r. 1312-1337

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•Most famous ruler of the Mali Empire

•Devout Muslim, made famous pilgramage to Mecca

•Founded Qur’anic schools and university in Timbuktu

•Helped spread Islam in West Africa

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Askia Muhammed, r. 1493-1528

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•Songhai king who institutedseveral reforms during his reign

•Opened up government service topeople of all different backgrounds

•Instituted a unified system ofweights and measures and appointed market inspectors

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The Swahili Coast,

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c. 500-1500 -an urban civilization based in overseas trade

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Benedictine Rule, 528 AD

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•Benedict of Nursiacreated a set of rules to be followed in monastic communities

•These rules formed the basis formonastic life in Europe for centuries

•The rules included taking vows of1) poverty 2) chastity and 3) obedience to the Church

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Charlemagne, r. 771-814

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King of the Franks who broughtmuch of western Europe under his control through conquestKnown as the ‘Father of Europe’. Crowned Holy Roman Emperor byPope Leo III in 800 AD

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Feudalism

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-the dominant economic and political system in Western Europe during the Middle Ages

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William the Conqueror

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•William, Duke of Normandy (aterritory in France), claimed the English throne by successfully invadingEngland in 1066

•As King William ordered anassessment of all land in England in 1086 (Domesday Book)

•William also ordered all vassalsto swear a primary oath of loyalty to the king and strengthened the royal courtsystem

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Magna Carta, 1215

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•A list of demands made of King John by the English nobility

•The king agreed to, among many things, reform the judicial system

•The Magna Carta was the first time a king agreed to a limitation on his own powers

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Philip IV, r. 1285-1314

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•French king who took power away from the Roman Catholic Church

• In 1302 Philip called the Estates General to help him fight Pope Boniface VIII

•Philip moved the papacy from Rome to Avignon (in southern France) in 1309 so that he could watch over the Pope more closely

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The Crusades, 1095-1291

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A series of armed invasions of the Muslim controlled Holy Lands by Christian Europeans. Sponsored by the Roman Catholic Church.

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Reasons behind the Crusades

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•An outlet for the pent up aggressions of the knightly class

• By the 11th century Muslim rulers began to harass Christian pilgrims to the Holy Lands •Pope Urban II in Rome offered aid to the Byzantine emperor Alexius I in the hopes that the Catholic Church might one day be reunited under his leadership

•The lure of making money

•The promise of instant salvation l

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Salah-al-Din,1137-1193

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•Sultan of Egypt and Syria whounited Arab military forces to fight off the Crusaders

•Recaptured Jerusalem from theCrusaders in 1187 during the ThirdCrusade

•Reinstated safe passage forChristian pilgrims to Jerusalem

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Effects of the Crusades

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•Led to the economic growth of Italian port cities like Genoa, Venice and Pisa

•Served as a rallying point for all Christian Europeans, who put their differences aside for a time

•Increased religious intolerance between the Christian Western world and the Muslim dominated Middle East

•Increased religious intolerance in Europe

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Shotoku Taishi, 572-622

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set up the first centralized government in Japan based on the Chinese model (Seventeen Article Constitution) and encouraged Buddhism to take root in Japan

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Taika Reforms, 646

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•The first Fujiwara ruler, Nakatomi no Kamatari, instituted a series of reforms aimed at reducing the power of thenobility in the territories and eliminating in-fighting

•The reforms included the construction of a road system throughoutthe empire and the elimination of private land ownership

•All land and all political loyalty belonged to the emperor

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Shinto

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•Native Japanese religion that evolved over the centuries where followers worship a wide array of kami (gods or spirits), believed to inhabit the natural world

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Mongol Society

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nomadic,polytheistic people living in the steppes of northern China-plagued byinter-tribal warfare for centuries

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Genghis Khan, 1162-1227

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•Founder of the Mongol Empire, the largest empire in the history ofthe world

•Innovative and fierce military leader who united the Mongol tribes,his successors went on to defeat the Chinese and establish Yuan Dynasty

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TheBering Strait-

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a land bridge between Asia and the Americas created during the last ice age, 20-30,000 years ago. - used by prehistoric humans to travel from Asia to North America

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Clovis Culture – c.12,000 BC

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The first well-established human culture in the Americas. They were big game hunters. C

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Common characteristics of manypre-Columbian Native American tribes

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1)Importanceof family connections

2)Assignedgender roles

3)Politicalorganization – chiefdoms

4)Animistreligious belief

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Chiefdoms

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A common political organization in manyNative American tribes. -A chiefdomwas asociety ruled by a hereditary and often semi-divine chief.-Chiefdoms typically coveredmultiple towns, with each village paying tribute to support the chief and hisfamily. -Chiefdoms rarely exceeded twenty-fivemiles in diameter and were often surrounded by large empty spaces that servedas hunting preserves as well as buffer zones from political rivals.

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Cahokia

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Largest of the Native American Mississippian Mound Building sites -Inhabited between 600-1400 AD, Cahokia lies near present day St Louis, MO. -Site contains over 100 mounds and was home to some 40,000 residents

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Mayan Civilization, c.300-900 AD

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One of the most sophisticated andtechnologically advanced Native American cultures

Made advances in astronomy, writingand developing an accurate calendar system

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TheAztec Empire, c 500-1500 AD

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Tenochtitlan was the capital cityof the Aztec Empire (present day Mexico City)-Centralized government headed byemperor-Aztec society centered on warfareand subduing other nearby tribes

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Incan Empire, 1438-1532

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largest land empire in the Americas

-innovations in terrace farming, road construction, and state-organized labor

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Alcuin of York7D

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•Medieval scholar who devised a course of study at palace school for Charlemagne, first liberal arts curriculum

•Trivium, focused on grammar, rhetoric & logic

•Quadrivium, focused on geometry, arithmetic, astronomy & music >"

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Scholasticism

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•Oral instruction common inmedieval schools

•Scholastics used disputation(argument) as a means of learning

•Scholastics also sought toreconcile faith and reason

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PeterAbelard, 1079-1142

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•Scholastic teacher of theology in Paris, encouraged human reason, then faith

•In his famous work Sic et Non (“Yes and No”) Abelard pointed out how the church fathers contradicted the Bible

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MedievalGuilds

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Cooperative associations of workers incertain industries or crafts (ex. carpenters, jewelers, painters, etc.)

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TheBlack Death

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Awidespread outbreak of plague (sickness) from 1346-1351 in EuropeKilledas much as 30% of Europe’s populationm

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John Ball, 1338-1381

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•English minister, leader of the Peasants’Revolt in England, 1381

•Ball demanded political equality for thepoor, not just economic opportunity

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HundredYears’ War

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Thewar consisted of ongoing battles between French and English forces between 1337and 1453 over control of the French throne. TheEnglish were eventually driven off the continent.Newweapons such as the longbow and gunpowder were used to deadly effect

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Patronage–

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underwriting the work of an artist, musician, etc.

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3Types of patronage in the Italian city states:

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•Private (individuals, wealthyfamilies)

•Civic (guilds, cities)

•Church (Catholic Church)

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Lorenzode Medici, 1449-1492

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•The de Medici family patronizedthe arts in Florence, Italy for several generations

•Lorenzo, a successfulbusinessman, sponsored the work of artists such as Leonardo da Vinci andMichelangelo and also became a scholar and poet himself

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Humanism

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•Renaissance philosophy that emphasized mankind’s achievements through history

•Instead of focusing on learning as means of reinforcing religious faith (like medieval scholasticism), humanist thinkers of the Renaissance sought knowledge for knowledge’s sake and revisited the works of ancient Greek and Roman scholars and artists

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Petrarch(1304-1374)

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•father of humanism, Renaissance poet and scholar

•Translated and commented on Latin texts of Cicero

•Wrote vernacular Italian poetry