World Geography Test 2

Front 1

insolation

Back 1

incoming solar radiation; this causes the tropical climates around the equator and impacts pressure systems and wind movements, shaping precipitation patterns

Front 2

Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

Back 2

a low-pressure belt around the equator caused by the reemission of insolation by the Earth. The location of the ITCZ migrates over the year with the direct rays of the sun.

Front 3

subsolar point

Back 3

the latitude directly hit by the sun’s rays; it migrates between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn over the year

Front 4

Harmattan winds

Back 4

the time of dry, northeasterly winds that sweep over West Africa, north of the equator; this occurs when the subsolar point migrates south of the equator.

Front 5

cold water desert

Back 5

occurs when cool air masses that can only hold a little moisture hit a warmer coastline, so they heat up and desiccate the land. EX: the Benguela current from the south and the Canary current from the north converge near the equator on the west coast of Africa.

Front 6

marginality

Back 6

marked by contact with disparate cultures, and acquiring some but not all the traits or values common to any one of them

Front 7

ecotourism

Back 7

nature-based tourism industry, which has bolstered African park system

Front 8

transboundary parks

Back 8

parks that span national borders

Front 9

hominids

Back 9

any of a family (Hominidae) of erect bipedal primate mammals that includes recent humans together with extinct ancestral and related forms and in some recent classifications the gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan

Front 10

site

Back 10

the physical attributes of the location of a human settlement--for example, at the head of navigation of a river or at a certain elevation

Front 11

situation

Back 11

The position of a city or place relative to its surrounding environmental or context

Front 12

townships

Back 12

underdeveloped areas on the outskirts of nearly every South African city originally designated as places for nonwhites to live during the apartheid era

Front 13

islands of development

Back 13

areas, usually cities, where foreign investment is concentrated in a developing country. Migrants move from rural areas and neighboring countries to word in the islands of development, and commodities are shipped out from the islands of development.

Front 14

informal economy

Back 14

diversified set of economic activities, enterprises, jobs, and workers that are not regulated or protected by the state. The concept originally applied to self-employment in small unregistered enterprises. It has been expanded to include wage employment in unprotected jobs

Front 15

internal migration

Back 15

migration within an individual country. EX: In Africa, recent evidence suggests that movement from the country to the city has slowed dramatically, and in some cases has reversed

Front 16

small-hold crop farming

Back 16

small family owned farms at which farmers produced food for their families as well as crops for the market. Ex: West Africa, in which the European settler population was minuscule: cacao in Ghana, coffee in Cote d’Ivoire, peanuts in Senegal, cotton in the Sahelian countries

Front 17

neocolonialism

Back 17

the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies; Ex: The African economy produces primary goods for consumers outside of Africa. Africa has given much to the world in terms of music, food, seed stock, agricultural practices, and its people, but the world has not always returned the favor

Front 18

livelihoods

Back 18

activities pursued to secure food and shelter; Ex: rural African livelihoods encompass a broad set of activities, including crop farming, animal husbandry, fishing, hunting, gathering, petty commerce, paid labor, and seasonal and long-term migrations to urban areas for additional employment

Front 19

transhumant pastoralists

Back 19

people who follow a regular movement pattern between dry-season and wet-season grazing lands

Front 20

agropastoralists

Back 20

practice a mix of animal husbandry with farming

Front 21

slash-and-burn argiculture

Back 21

the process of clearing and burning, farming, and then moving on to leave fields fallow only to start again on another field

Front 22

intercropping

Back 22

mixing complementary crops in the same field, such as nitrogen-fixing legumes and grain crops

Front 23

rotational bush fallow system

Back 23

system used on Africa’s grasslands and dry forest regions in which farmers rotate crops from year to year, intercropping, grazing cattle on fields during the dry season to capture their manure to fertilize fields

Front 24

permanent cultivation

Back 24

Planting crops in the same field repeatedly with rare periods of leaving the land fallow

Front 25

Green Revolution

Back 25

Intensified agriculture that uses engineered seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation to increase intensive agricultural practices

Front 26

political ecologists

Back 26

an approach to studying human -environment interactions in the context of political economic and historical conditions operating at multiple scales

Front 27

subcontinent

Back 27

a portion of a continent that was once separate and merged through continental drift

Front 28

monsoon

Back 28

a prevailing wind coming from one direction for a long period of time

Front 29

subsolar point

Back 29

the place on earth where the sun’s rays hit directly at a 90 degree angle. Migrates over the year between 23.5 degrees N and 23.5 degrees latitude

Front 30

erosion

Back 30

the removal of rock, soil, and vegetation from landscape, caused by water, wind , waves, glaciers, and gravity

Front 31

deposition

Back 31

when forces of erosion slow down or halt, materials, including rock, soil, and vegetation are left behind

Front 32

low birth weight

Back 32

defined by unicef as birth weight of less than 5.5 lbs

Front 33

functional zonation

Back 33

the division of the city into regions by use or purpose

Front 34

urban morphology

Back 34

the layout of a city, including the sizes and shapes of buildings and the pathways of infrastructure

Front 35

ablutions

Back 35

ritual bathing or cleansing followed as a religious practice or instruction

Front 36

caste system

Back 36

social structure of south asian society that dates back to the Indus civilization whereby people are born into their place in society

Front 37

Rig Veda

Back 37

A religious text, comprised of over 1,000 poems and hymns, followed by many Hindus

Front 38

stupas

Back 38

sacred sites in Buddhism, typically designed in a dome shape and containing a relic of the Buddha or one of his saints

Front 39

avatar

Back 39

an incarnation, or earthly manifestation, of a god

Front 40

ethnic religion

Back 40

a religion into which people are born and whose followers do not actively seek converts

Front 41

universalizing religion

Back 41

a religion believed by its followers to have universal application and to which followers actively seek converts

Front 42

microcredit lending

Back 42

the practice of giving small loans to individuals, who operate within a community of other borrowers, to start businesses and cottage enterprises

Front 43

ghost schools

Back 43

classrooms without classes

Front 44

madrasas

Back 44

Islamic schools with curriculum based on the Quran

Front 45

kleptocracy

Back 45

a government system in which the leaders steal wealth from the state

Front 46

mercantilism

Back 46

an early form of capitalism based on trading large quantities of good, using gold and silver as currencies

Front 47

Sepoy Rebellion

Back 47

Uprising in 1857 by Indian soldiers against the British East India Company that marked the transition to direct colonial rule by the British in South Asia

Front 48

princely states

Back 48

territories in South Asia that remained outside of direct British colonization

Front 49

transhumance

Back 49

a migration pattern in which livestock are led to highlands during summer month and lowlands during winter months to graze

Front 50

edge cities

Back 50

concentrated business districts outside of a city. Edge cities are typically sited on major infrastructure hubs and attract shopping and housing districts

Front 51

outsourcing

Back 51

hiring employees outside of the home country of a company in order to reduce the cost of labor inputs for the good or service

Front 52

global outsourcing

Back 52

international companies that specialize in securing contracts and then completing the work by outsourcing the lowest skilled parts of the task

Front 53

formal economy

Back 53

economic productivity in agriculture, mining, industry, and services that is counted or taxed by government. Trade is through formal channels often using credit

Front 54

informal economy

Back 54

portion of the economy that is not taxed or regulated by the government. Goods or services are exchanged based on barter or cash systems and earnings are not reported to the government

Front 55

hutment factory

Back 55

small industry in Indian slums trying to make it big. Estimates are that Dhavari is home to 15,000 hutment factories in which people work day and night to feed their families and improve their economic condition

Front 56

Green Revolution

Back 56

intensified agriculture that uses engineered seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation to increase intensive agricultural practices

Front 57

seed culture

Back 57

hand selecting the seeds best suited to grow in local conditions. In India, before the Green Revolution, this culture prevented soil erosion and relied on organic fertilizers rather than chemical fertilizers