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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Demographic transition model
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Transition cycle Stage 1: high birth and death rates Stage 2: high birth rates, low death rates Stage 3: low birth and death rates |
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Life expectancy
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Population pyramids
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-Gender and age -Class, column, and inverted -Classic -Column -Inverted -Skewed sexes |
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Sovereignty |
-Leaders can legally kill citizens w/o interference of other states -All other states have to recognize |
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State |
Who Controls the State?
● Extreme left: communism, anarchy ○ Little to no central gov control ○ More people for people ● Extreme right ○ Gov has all power ○ Few people in charge ○ Little to no voice |
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Nation |
people, not area ○ Common culture |
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Nation-state |
● Nation and state → nation-state |
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Stateless nation |
● Palestinians → nation w/o state |
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Democracy |
● “Ruled by the people” |
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One-party state |
● Illusion of choice |
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Theocracy |
● “Ruled by religion” |
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Monarchy |
● Divine power |
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Military dictatorship |
● Take over gov |
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Junta |
small military group of people who take over |
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Fascism |
● Popular dictator |
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United Nations |
● 1945 |
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Capitalism |
● Private ownership |
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Communism (political) |
● Doesn’t really exist now |
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Socialism |
● Many shades |
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Nationalization |
○ Previously privately owned |
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Privatization |
○ Sell business to private ownership |
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Primary sector |
● Natural resource extraction from Earth |
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Secondary sector |
● Process primary |
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Tertiary sector |
● Service sector |
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Quaternary sector |
● Create and manipulate intangibles ● Not producing anything |
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Gross domestic product (GDP) |
● Goods and services |
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GDP per capita |
● Total GDP divided by population total for state |
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Core
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-buys raw resources cheaply -industrialization -technology -has cash to reinvest -"Team West" |
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Periphery |
-sub-Saharan Africa -lack industrial capital, financial means, technology -raw-exporting -poor |
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Semi-periphery |
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World-systems theory |
● Global connectivity ● Redistributes wealth |
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Developed country |
● Rich |
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Developing country |
● Not necessarily totally poor → GDP and GDP per capita |
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First world |
○ Capitalist democracies |
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Second world |
○ Communist |
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Third world |
-Non-Aligned Movement -Refused to join either side |
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Non-Aligned Movement |
-poor -Cold War -joined no side |
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Import substitution |
a. Gov works with private industry |
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Specialization |
a. Gov help → efficient → compete with world |
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Structural adjustments |
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International Monetary Fund (IMF) |
● All but North Korea, Cuba, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Tuvalu, Naura, Andorra ● Loans to debtors |
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World Bank |
● Encourage international investment |
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Manifest destiny |
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Cultural imperialism
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● Subtle, not forced → people just like it |
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Treaty of Tordesillas |
○ Pop split Sp and Port colonies 1494 |
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Monroe Doctrine |
○ If Euro power attacks L.A. 1823 |
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Roosevelt Corollary |
○ Teddy → US intervene even if fight within L.A. 1904 |
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Good Neighbor Policy |
○ Throw out Roosevelt Corollary
○ Help if leader needs ○ Request of leaders ○ Military dictators -FDR -1930s |
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Zapatistas
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Rebels
● Subcomandante Marcos led Zapatistas ● Rev movement |
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Contras
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● US supported right wing Contras
○ Destabilize country → civil war ○ R. Reagan Iran-Contra Scandal ● Sandinistas 1979 overthrew Somoza (US ally) ● Contras operated in Honduras ● Contras attacked schools and factories ● 1986 US law prohibiting aid to Contras 42 Catherine Tishelman-Charny ○ Illegally selling arms to Iran ○ Illegally fund Contras ● Iran vs. Iraq in Iran-Iraq war ● Hezbollah (terrorist group in Iran) had US hostages in Lebanon ● Iran = US enemy ● Plan exposed 1986 ● Contra and Sandinistas peace treaty 1980s ● Ortega president again 2008 |
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Sandinistas
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● Nicaragua
○ Sandinistas = leftist-socialist pol party ○ Overthrew US right-wing dictator 1979 ○ Led by Daniel Ortega |
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Southern Cone
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southern South America |
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CAFTA
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● Central America Free Trade Agreement
● Increase free trade ● Goals ○ Privatize public services ○ Eliminate barriers to invest ○ Protect intellectual property rights ○ Eliminate tariffs ● Controversy → America loses jobs to poorer countries b/c of minimum wage |
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DR-CAFTA
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● Dominican Republic - Central America Free Trade Agreement
● 2005 ● Increase free trade ● Goals ○ Privatize public services ○ Eliminate barriers to invest ○ Protect intellectual property rights ○ Eliminate tariffs ● Controversy → America loses jobs to poorer countries b/c of minimum wage |
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FTAA
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● Free Trade Area of Americas
● All of North and South America except Cuba ● End trade barriers ● US wants free trade and intellectual property rights ● Poor want end to agricultural subsidies and more free trade on agricultural goods ● Subsidies give US farmers unfair advantage ● Venezuela → Chavez called it tool of imperialism ● Rich want intellectual property rights → copyright laws ○ Would hurt sci research in Latin America ○ Widen gap between rich and poor ● US likely dominate ● US and Cuba ○ Economic embargo ○ Prohibits communist regime |
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Communism (Economic) |
● Extreme left
● Political and economic system ● All owned, controlled, operated by gov ● State controls all in name of people ● Goods, services, resources, land, factories ● Services → doctors, lawyers, building contractors ○ State redistributes ● Abstract idea → fair economy ● NEVER WORKED → money and power corrupt ● Too many variables ● Command economy in Russia → control and command economy ● Ownership of property is communal ● Concentrated power supposed to be temporary ● Political leaderships “communist” some places ○ Capitalist gov |
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What is the relationship between the different economic sectors and a state's position within the world economy?
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● Demographic and cultural factors
● Developed and developing ● Richer → tertiary ● US → under 2% are farmers → 98% of food ● Cost of labor ● US has labor unions, health benefits, minimum wage ● Outsource → cheap labor in developing countries Developed Regions ● Little to no primary sectors ● Few in secondary ● Majority in service (tertiary) sector ● Small but important number in quaternary Less Developed ● Primary industry based ● Few in manufacturing ● Even less in tertiary ● Pretty much none in quaternary ● Agricultural based societies ● Balance and diversity ● China ○ Competitive edge ○ Confucius ○ Balance of primary, secondary, tertiary ○ Doing very well ● Poor countries → export low value and import high value |
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Does a low GDP necessarily mean that there is no labor taking place in a state?
(Explain.) |
Not Included in GDP
● Gov doesn’t know about ● Untaxed ● Illegal ● Housework, child rearing, home labor, food for home consumption, food gather and preparation ● Western-derived ● Western measured |
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Compare and contrast GDP and per capita GDP. Why might you use either one?
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GDP
● Goods and services ● Final sale of commodity ○ Last sale counts ● Salaries ● Patterns ● 1. US ● 2. China ● 3. Japan ● 4. Germany ● Top 4 GDP in trillion dollar range ● China surpassed 3 huge economies in 3 years GDP Per Capita ● Total GDP divided by population total for state ● GDP could be lower b/c of big pop ● Concentration of wealth in business and sectors ○ GDP could seem big ● Equatorial Guinea ○ People starving to death ○ Dictator thief ○ Few people own all ● Wealth disparity ○ Low pop → high GDP on paper |
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What is the UN Human Development Index, and how does it work?
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● Math formula by UN
● Poverty, literacy, education, fertility, etc. ● Developed = North America, Europe, Australia, Japan, China, Central Asia, some of Middle East |
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What is sovereignty, and why might a state or supranational organization violate the
sovereignty of a state? |
Sovereignty
● Leaders can legally kill citizens w/o interference of other states ● All other states have to recognize Redefined ● Reciprocity: respect ability to mess w/ citizens ● 1999 US led NATO to attack Yugoslavia ● Slobodan Milosevic killed own citizens ○ Possibly ethnic cleansing ● Too much ● Memory of Holocaust ● Instability ● Invasion of Libya 2014 ○ Political protest ○ Qaddafi didn’t break old sovereignty rules ● Libyans protested gov ● Qaddafi threatened them ● No exact definition of sovereignty right now ● China and Russia hate US involvement ● After Holocaust → UN law made genocide international crime |
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Explain how the demographic transition model works. What happens to population
growth in the various stages? How does demographic transition relate to economic growth and development? |
Transition cycle
○ Stage 1: high birth and death rates ○ Stage 2: high birth rates, low death rates ○ Stage 3: low birth and death rates Stage 1 -premodern -hunter-gatherer -infant death -need kids for labor -low life expectancy Stage 2 -Agricultural Revolution -better technology -urbanization, specialization -cultural lag Stage 3 -Industrial Revolution -less ppl needed bc of machines -more costs -cultural lag over --> less kids Stage 4 -population stability -birth rates = death rates -older people -US, France, Japan -immigration and emigration Stage 5 ● Death rates > birth rates ● Population decreasing ● Need immigrants ● Russia, Sweden, Italy (want no kids), Japan (no immigration) |
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Given a population pyramid, describe its population dynamics (is it growing?
declining?), and identify which stage of demographic transition it’s in and why. |
Developed: Stage 4-5 Developing 2-3 No country in Stage 1 now |
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Why is there a lot of animosity toward the US government in Latin America?
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● Monroe Doctrine (1823)
○ If Euro power attacks L.A. ○ Consider it attack on US and fight back ● Any intervention = act of aggression ● Similar to NATO ● US not world power at time ● Not big threat ● Meant nothing at time, means everything now ● Independence movements in S.A. ● Supportive gesture ● Colonial powers out ● Roosevelt Corollary (1904) ○ Teddy → US intervene even if fight within L.A. ● Internal screw ups ● Relations deteriorated ● Good Neighbor Policy (FDR) - 1930s ○ Throw out Roosevelt Corollary ○ Help if leader needs ○ Request of leaders ○ Military dictators |
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Explain what makes North America is the strongest, richest, and freest region in the
world. What are some upsides and downsides to this? |
(+) Richest: ● US richest country ● 2nd and 4th largest by size ● Econ pressure or illegal bribery Strongest: ● US = single strongest military in world Freest: -democracy -individual liberties -not as much intolerance of differences -platform for success (-) Richest: ● Favor own people and companies Selective Self-Serving Self-Righteousness Strongest: ● Threat of US imperialism -doesn't play well with others -self-interests -power-projections -cultural imperialism Freest: -ignorance -unchecked power doesn't care -export freedom by force -hubris and hypocrisy |
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Explain one instance in which the United States intervened in Latin American a airs.
What happened, who were the main players, and what were their interactions? |
Plan Colombia
● US plan ● Controversial ● Coca used by indigenous people ○ Health reasons ○ Make living ● US use aerial fumigation and deadly fungi ○ Health problems ● Civil war in Colombia ● US help fight Marxist rebel group FARC ● Introduced by Colombia in 1998 ○ Meant to help economy ○ US revised ● Focus became military aid to fight rebels ○ Eliminate drug trafficking ● Strengthen right-wing paramilitary groups ○ Commit atrocities against peasants ● US tax dollars ● Coca production increased |
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What common traits do Latin American countries tend to share?
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Common Culture
● Spanish and some Portuguese ● Colonial endeavors (1492) ● Big naval powers ● Sp and Port → Brazil ● Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) ○ Pop split Sp and Port colonies ○ Catholic ○ Line on map ○ 45 degrees West longitude ○ Early exploration → didn’t know what was there yet ○ Seemed like good deal ○ All Sp but Brazil ● Sp Empire → Western North America ○ Arizona, California, Washington, Utah, New Mexico, Texas, Florida → Spanish speaking ● Latin American Catholicism ○ Rites and rituals ○ Big parties ○ Carnivals ○ Mixed with indigenous, local, and African cultures |
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Why are so many governments in Latin America leftward-leaning?
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● Socialism b/c of wealth disparity, landlessness, poverty
● Venezuela → social reforms ○ Chavez ● Pres. Morales (Bolivia) ● Pres. Correa (Ecuador) ● Obama very popular in L.A. ○ Better relations with Cuba ○ Shook hands with Chavez ● Argentina, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Haiti, Peru ● Liberal on social and cultural issues ● Remedy wealth disparity ● Most people poor → asking for revolution ○ Mexican Rev ○ Communist Rev ○ Bolivarian Rev ○ 2011 Arab Revs ● Want equality and improve infrastructure ○ Primary goal of leftists ● Goals: human rights, invest in education and health care, equal access to land ● US historic involvement ● Harder for extreme right and military dictators to take over ● Most successful = moderate center-left |
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Why is China's influence growing in Latin America?
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-sick of US intervention -want better trade deals w/ no strings attached |
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Who is FARC, what are their geographical and historical origins, and what do they
have to do with drugs? |
-paramilitary (not Colombia's) -want to end capitalism -violent -overthrow gov -want Marxist regime -traffic drugs -kidnap and kill |
