World Geography Ch. 7

Front 1

cultural geography

Back 1

the wide-ranging and comprehensive field of geography that studies spacial aspects of human cultures

Front 2

culture hearth

Back 2

Heartland, source area, innovation center; place of origin of a major culture

Front 3

cultural diffusion

Back 3

the process of spreading and adopting a cultural element, from its place of origin across a wider area

Front 4

cultural landscape

Back 4

the forms and artifacts sequentially placed on the natural landscape by the activities of various human occupants

Front 5

hydraulic civilization theory

Back 5

the theory that cities which managed to control irrigated farming over large hinterlands held political power over other cities

Front 6

climate change

Back 6

when the weather over a long period of time changes

Front 7

spatial diffusion

Back 7

the spatial spreading or dissemination of a culture element (such as a technological innovation) or some other phenomenon (ex. a disease outbreak)

Front 8

expansion diffusion

Back 8

the spreading of an innovation or an idea through a fixed population in such a way that the number of those adopting grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination

Front 9

relocation diffusion

Back 9

sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they relocate to new areas

Front 10

islamization

Back 10

introduction and establishment of the Muslim religion

Front 11

stateless nation

Back 11

they recognize themselves as a nation but are not a functioning government

Front 12

choke point

Back 12

where it is easy for someone to shut off commerce, where international trade is most vulnerable

Front 13

fragmented modernization

Back 13

a checkerboard-like spatial pattern of modernization in an emerging-market economy wherein a few localized regions of a country experience most of the development while the rest are largely unaffected

Front 14

league of nations

Back 14

international organization that emerged after the First World War whose purpose was to maintain international peace and promote cooperation in solving international economic, social, and humanitarian problems

Front 15

religious revivalism

Back 15

religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of that faith and to influence state policy

Front 16

Jihad

Back 16

a doctrine within Islam. Commonly translated as "holy war", it entails a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up to the religious standards prescribed by the Quran (Koran)

Front 17

wahhabism

Back 17

a particularly virulent form of Sunni Muslim revivalism that was made the official faith when the modern state of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932

Front 18

domino effect

Back 18

political destabilization in one state can result in the collapse of order in a neighboring state

Front 19

cultural revival

Back 19

the regeneration of a long-dormant culture through internal renewal and external infusion

Front 20

turkish model

Back 20

A multi-party democracy that has a place for, but is not dominated by, Islamic political parties

Front 21

rain shadow effect

Back 21

the relative dryness in areas downwind of mountain ranges resulting from orographic precipitation, wherein moist air masses are forced to deposit most of their water content as they cross the highlands

Front 22

police state

Back 22

a state in which the government exercises totalitarian control over the political, social, and economic life of its citizens

Front 23

qanat

Back 23

in desert zones, particularly in Iran and western China, an underground tunnel built to carry irrigation water by gravity flow from surrounding mountains to the arid flatlands below

Front 24

forward capital

Back 24

capital city positioned in actually contested territory, usually near an international border; it confirms the state's determination to maintain its presence in the region in contention

Front 25

taliban

Back 25

means "students" or "seekers of religion". The Islamist militia group that emerged from madrases in Pakistan and ruled neighboring Afghanistan between 1996 and 2001

Front 26

al-Qaeda

Back 26

terrorist organization under the leader Usama bin Laden