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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Complete the following analogy. Great Tradition: Little Tradition
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elite:commoner
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The Mesopotamian king resembled the Hawaiian king in that both
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headed a divine cult, built and maintained temples, appointed officials, and coordinated the ritual calendar
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Incan rulers were like Mesopotamian kings because they
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asserted a symbolic connection between themselves, the fertility of nature and general well-being of society.
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The primary difference between a wealth economy and a staple economy is that
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wealth objects support the status hierarchy and are not intended for subsistence purposes
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Members of stratified societies can be described as having
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unequal access to social status and basic resources
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The complex social system the Inca relied on ____________ for information storage
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knotted cords
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How a society organizes social power is a very important cultural variable because
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the organization of social power limits the scale of society and shapes all aspects of culture
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In comparison to tribal societies, production and distribution of goods in Mesopotamia and the Andes
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numerous full time craft specialists probably worked for rations under an extensive bureaucracy
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How does growth in scale benefit elite individuals
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1.promotes the top ruler
2.the top ruler receives a disproportionate increase in power 3.increases the total number of rulers at lower levels of the hierarchy |
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The settlement of Abu Hureyra differed from the city-states of Mesopotamia in that
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people lacked invidious social ranking
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Mesopotamian elites were able to construct a society that exploited commoners and enhanced their own lifestyle by
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1.controlling access to productive land.
2.fixing exchange values on commodities 3.identifying themselves with deities |
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Neolithic tribal villages would invest social product above minimum consumption needs by
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feasting, maintaining alliances, and storing it for security
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The Inca empire was maintained by
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mobilization of a vast labor force
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To be effective, bureaucrats
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must surrender their will and conscience to the dictates of their superior
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Explanations that make technology a primary factor in societal growth need to consider
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who calls for the development of this technology and who directs its use.
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Neolithic peoples of Southern Mesopotamia became refugees because
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global climate changes lead to droughts and floods that lead to catastrophic crop failures
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In non-monetary, non-market economies, like the Ur III, exchange values of items are
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fixed by the ruler
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Both the Incan and the Ur III empires
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were directed by dynastic families
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Pre-Inca Andean peoples had already mastered the art of
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metallurgy.
weaving. pottery |
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The Hindu caste system emphasizes
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social hierarchies based on purity
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The legal system in the early Hindu kingdoms
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gave ritual purity and economic advantages to those of the upper ranks
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From which three language families do most of the languages in the Indian subcontinent derive from
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Sino-Tibetan, Dravidian, Indo-European
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The Arthasastra included all of the following advice for ruler except
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guide of professional ethics
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The three primary aspects of caste
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endogamous, ranked, based on ritual purity
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Evidence that chiefdoms and kingdoms were not irreversible social formations is shown by
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the upland areas where shifting cultivation was in practice, o often only fragile chiefdoms could be constructe
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In Burma, transformation from a headman to a chief included
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a productive resource base, skillful manipulation of marriage exchanges, ability to sponsor large feasts, sacrifice cattle, and support an extended household and network of supporters.
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Which of the following statements is not true about state finance in the Hindu kingdom
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commercial activities were regulated to extract the maximum feasible revenue
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The varna social system, which gave ritual priority and economic advantage to the upper ranks.Laws supported this system
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by adjusting punishments for the crime and rank of each individual
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Each sakdina (dignity) was worth acertain amount of lanSakdina in the Thai kingdom was
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over half of the population was vulnerable to servitude because of their lack of adequate sakdin
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Cultural hegemony
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preponderant influence, or authority by an elite in the production and reproduction of a society's moral order and associated cultural beliefs, symbols, and practices
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In contrast to Hawaiian chiefdoms where __________ in India ______________
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the chief is endowed with sacred power and is dangerous to lower-ranked individuals; lower-ranked individuals endanger higher-ranked individuals
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The most "impure" cast in Hindu society
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Sudra
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Which situation is most likely to occur with respect to Hindu marriage customs
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Hindu women may marry a man of a higher sub-caste.
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Functionalist interpretations of the caste system
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argue that it provide individuals with employment, pattern for living, and personal security
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Bride-burning in modern India
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a remnant of traditional India where women's fertility is frowned upon.
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Tamil Hindus in south India worship androgynous deities that
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represent gender balance and complimentarity in marriage.
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Like the cattle of East Africa, Indian cattle
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are not usually used for meat.
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According to the Ramayana, Sita is
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the ideal role model for a Hindu wife.
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Emic views of purdah include
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is attributed to ideas of honor and respect.
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Ancient village states such as Inca Peru and imperial China
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drew their support from peasant villages over an extensive region.
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The critical difference between Amazonian or Australian shamanism and Chinese high shamanism was that
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Chinese high shamanism involved highly exclusive communication with specific ancestors for wisdom and support for the social hierarchy
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Filial piety:
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obligation of children to respect their ancestors
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Subsistence intensification:
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people work harder to raise total production per unit of lan
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Find the comparable analogy to the Great Tradition: Little Tradition
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elite culture: peasant culture
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_____________ held the highest social status in Chinese society.
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Scholars
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Chinese farmers maintained soil fertility despite many years of permanent agriculture by
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using organic fertilizers.
choice of crops. multi-cropping. |
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The system of social, economic, ritual, and political ties that link peasantry to the elites is known as
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the folk-urban continuum.
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Feature that Chinese cosmology has in common with Australian and Amazonian cosmologies was
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complementary opposition.
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Features of domestic life for women in China did not typically include
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female ownership of property.
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Geertz's concept of labor-intensive agricultural system that provides incentive for population growth is known as
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agricultural involution
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Unlike many other imperial societies entry to the elite classes during the gentry period in China
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were based on examinations of the Confucian classics.
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Scapulimancy:
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divination by interpreting the pattern of cracks formed in heated animals scapula or turtle shells
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New Chinese rulers transformed tribal societies under their control into ethnic groups by
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freezing their boundaries and imposing formal identities and cultural markers to make them easier to control
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__________ and __________ became the foundation for Chinese civilization
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Wild rice and millet
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Shang royalty affirmed their status
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1.by creating laws that would benefit them
2.using royal objects. 3.torturing lawbreakers |
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Evidence that Confucianism was institutionalized by 124 BC includes
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the creation of an imperial university focused on the five classics
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Unlike the kingdoms of Mesopotamia, Chinese cities
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were not self-self-sufficient
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Ethnic tribes under imperial rule
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were allowed to be autonomous, but still paid taxes
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Rulers under the Shang dynasty were obligated not to be too oppressive because
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they faced supernatural punishments such as natural disasters or overthrow by a rival
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