World Civilizations 1 Exam 2

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Darius

Back 1

-3rd Achmaemenid ruler
-Succeeded to the throne by coup
-Conquered much territory in Eurasia but was unable to defeat the Scythians south of the Black Sea or the Greeks
-Reformed the empire's administrative structure

Front 2

Herodotus

Back 2

-Greek speaking historian born in Halicarnasus that wrote "The Histories"
-Known as the "father of history"

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Satrap

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-the key innovation of the Achaemenid rule
-the local governor over satrapies in charge of collecting taxes from the defeated and forwarding them to the capital of Susa

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Zoroastrianism

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-Iranian religion named for its founding prophet Zarathrusta
-featured hymn singing and the performance of elaborate rituals but also held that the world was governed by two opposing forces: good and evil.

Front 5

Cyrus

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-Founder of the Achaemenid dynasty in Iran
-Because he was a native from Persis, Cyrus staffed his administration with many persians as well as Medes, the tribe he defeated when he took power.

Front 6

Socrates

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-Athenian philosopher who believed that virtue was the highest good
-developed a method of instruction still in use today in which teachers ask students questions without revealing the answers

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Plato

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-A student of Socrates and a teacher of Aristotle who used the Socratic method in his teaching, which emphasized ethics.
-Believed that students should use reason to choose the correct course of action

Front 8

Aristotle

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-Greek philosopher who encouraged his students to observe the natural world and explain logically how they proceeded from their starting assumptions. This system of reasoning shapes how we present written arguments today

Front 9

Alexander of Macedon

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-AKA Alexander the Great
-Son of Philip of Macedon
-Defeated the last Achaemenid ruler and ruled the former Achaemenid Empire until his death

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Roman Republic

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-Ruled by two elected executives, called consuls, who served one-year terms. These consuls consulted regularly with the senate, composed entirely of patricians, and less often with the plebian assembly, where all free men could vote

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Roman Senate

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-Roman governing body, composed largely of appointed patricians.
-During the years of the republic, membership was around three hundred men and grew slightly in later periods, when the senate became an advisory body.

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Paterfamilias

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-The legal head of the extended family in Rome and the only person who could own property
-Made all decisions affecting his wife, children, and son's wives

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Roman Principate

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-System of government in Rome in which the princeps, a term meaning "first citizen," ruled the empire as a monarch in all but name

Front 14

Constantine

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-Roman emperor who may have converted to Christianity late in life
-issued the Edict of Milan in 313 C.E., the first imperial ruling to allow the practice of Christianity
-Shifted the capital from Rome to the new city of Constantinople

Front 15

Edict of Milan

Back 15

313 C.E. the first imperial ruling to allow the practice of Christianity, issued by Constantine

Front 16

Council of Nicaea

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-325 C.E. Constantine summoned different church leaders and encouraged them to reach an agreement about the nature of the Trinity, which consisted of God, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit.
-The Nicene Creed asserted that God and Jesus were made of the same substance; countered the teachings of Arius

Front 17

Silk Routes

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-Overland routes through Central Asia connecting China and India, as well as the sea routes around Southeast Asia, along which were transmitted teachings, technologies, and languages

Front 18

Tang Dynasty

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-Dynasty that represented a political and cultural high point in Chinese history
-The Tang emperors combined the elements of the Qin/Han blueprint for empire with new measures to create a model of governance that spread to Tibet, Korea, and Japan

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Equal-Field System

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-The basis of the Tang dynasty tax system as prescribed in the Tang Code
-Dividing households into nine ranks on the basis of wealth, officials allocated each householder a certain amount of land

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Jihad

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-Arabic root for "striving" or "effort"
-A struggle or fight against non-Muslims
-In addition to its basic meaning of holy war, modern Muslims use the term in a spiritual or moral sense to indicate an individual's striving to fulfill all the teachings of Islam

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Hajj

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-The pilgrimage to Mecca, required of all Muslims who can afford the trip
-The pilgrimage commemorates that moment when, just as he was about to sacrifice him, Abraham freed Ishmael and sacrificed a sheep in his place

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Quran

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-The book that Muslims believe is the direct word of God as revealed to Muhammad
-written soon after Muhammad's death

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Five Pillars of Islam

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1) to bear witness to Allah as the sole god and accept Muhammad as his messenger
2) To pray five times a day in the direction of Mecca
3) To pay a fixed share of one's income to the state in support of the poor and needy
4) to refrain from eating, drinking, and sexual activity during daytime hours in the month of Ramadan
5) provided one has the necessary resources, to do the hajj pilgrimage to Mecca

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Sunnis

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-Larger of the two main Islamic groups that formed after Ali's death
-Sunnis means "peopl eof custom and the community"
-holds that the leader of Islam should be chosen by consensus and that legitimate claims to descent are only through the male line.
-Sunnis do not believe that Ali and Fatima's descendants can become caliph

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Shi'ites

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-The "shia" or "party of Ali," one of the two main groups of Islam.
-Support Ali's calim to succeed Muhammad and believe that the grandchildren born to Ali and Fatima should lead the community
-They deny the legitimacy of the first three caliphs

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Translation Movement

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-Between 750 and 1000, the collective effort of Islamic scholars, many living in Baghdad, to translate books on astronomy, medicine, mathematics, and geography from ancient Greek, Sanskrit, and Persian into Arabic

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Astrolabe

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Computational instrument that allowed observers to calculate their location on the earth to determine the direction of Mecca for their prayers.
-Also functioned as a slide rule, one of the world's first hand-held mathematical calculators.

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Ulama

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-Learned Islamic scholars who studied the Quran, the hadith, and legal texts.
-They taught classes, preached, and heard legal disputes
-they took no special vows and could marry and have families

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Byzantine Empire

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-Eastern half of the Roman Empire after the loss of the western half in 476
-Sometimes simply called the Byzantium
-Headed by an emperor in its capital of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul)

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Patriarch

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-In the 400's and 500's, the highest-ranking bishop of the four major Christian church enters at Constantinople, Alexandria, Jerusalem, and Antioch.
-By 1000, the patriarch of Constantinople had become head of the Orthodox church of Byzantium

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Pope

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-In the 400's and 500's the pope was the highest-ranking bishop in Rome, equal in rank to the patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria, jerusalem and Antioch -by 1000 the pope was recognized as leader of the Catholic church in Rome.

Front 32

Merovingian Dynasty

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-A germanic dynasty in modern-day France and Germany whose founder Clovis converted to Christianity and ruled as a war-band leader

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Carolingian Dynasty

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An important aristocratic family who overthrew the Merovingian rulers in 751.
-Their most powerful ruler was Charlemagne.
-After his death, the empire split into three sections, each under a different Carolingian ruler

Front 34

Bantu

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-Name for the languages of the Niger-Congo language family, which are widely distributed throughout Sub-Saharan Africa.
-By extension, the word also refers to the speakers of those languages.

Front 35

Oral Histories

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-Historical accounts passed from one generation to the next
-In Africa, griots often recited the events of the past to the monarchs they advised
-Particularly important in societies where no written accounts survive.

Front 36

Jin Dynasty

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-Dynasty of the Jurchen people of Manchuria that ruled north China from 1127 to 1234, when the Mongols defeated their armies. -They modeled their government on that of the Song dynasty

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Paper money

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-Money issued around 1000 by the Song dynasty that could be used instead of bronze coins
-The Song dynasty was the first government in world history to issue paper money

Front 38

Movable Type

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-first developed in China after 1040
-Printers made individual characters from clay, fired them in a kiln, set them in an iron frame, and printed pages by pressing paper against the inked type.

Front 39

Neo-Confucianism

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Teachings of a thinker named Zhu Xi and his followers, based on Confucianism but introducing major revisions.
-Rather than focusing on ritual and inner humanity, Zhu Xi urged students to apprehend the principle in things

Front 40

Caesar Augustus

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The name, meaning "revered," that Octavian received from the senate when he first became princeps, or first citizen, of Rome, and established the monarchy that ruled the empire.

Front 41

Punic Wars

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-Three wars between Rome and Carthage
-First Punic War was for control of Sicily
-In the Second Punic War, Hannibal was defeated
-In the third Punic War, Rome defeated Carthage and ordered all the city's buildings leveled and its residents enslaved

Front 42

Shadow Privilege

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-Privilege extended to sons and relatives of Song dynasty officials who were allowed to take a less competitive series of examinations, often with a pass-rate of 50 percent

Front 43

Lineage

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-Group of people claiming descent from the same ancestor, whether legendary or historical, who are not necessarily biologically related but see themselves as a family unit.
-This is significant because in Africa, lineages and clans organized into villages and they were the bedrock of Africa's diverse societies

Front 44

Kamakura Period

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-Era in Japanese history when political power rested in the hands of the shogun, or general, who governed on the emperor's behalf
-The shogun appointed members of powerful clans to office without civil service examinations

Front 45

Sea Roads

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-Exchange across Indian Ocean that were cheaper than Silk Roads because boats could carry more than camels.
-This was a part of the spread of Indian culture

Front 46

Sand Roads

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-Trade across the Sahara and Mediterranean world
-Used camels, ivory, slaves, gold, horses, cloth, and salt

Front 47

What kind of relationship did early Christians have with the Roman state? How and why had that relationship changed by 379 CE?

Back 47

Idk

Front 48

How did Islam begin and how and why did it expand so quickly? What led to the fragmentation of the larger Islamic community?

Back 48

Idk