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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What's the definition of history?
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The recording and interputation of man's achievements, struggles, and triumphs
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What is "Oral Tradition"?
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Writing down stories that had been passed down by word
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What can you tell from records?
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Ex. If there is a violent decrease in the population, maybe there was a plague
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What kind of records could you get history from?
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Marriage, birth, death, and population
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What three types of history are there?
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Political, social, cultural
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Usually history is about the...
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Winners, and rulers
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How long did Mesopotamia exist?
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From 5,000 BCE to 400 BCE
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What does "BCE" stand for?
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Before the common era
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What does "Mesopotamian" literally mean?
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Between two rivers
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Where was the fertile crescent?
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Between the Tigris and Euphrates
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Why was it called the fertile crescent?
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Because the land between the two rivers was great for growing crops and it was very fertile
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What is a "River Valley Civilization"?
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One that depends on rivers
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What is a "City-state"?
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A group of people from one civilization who declare themselves independent
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What was considered a "confederation"?
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Ex. you would call yourselves Sumerian, but would have alliances with other city-sttes
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What is a "Patesi"?
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A religious priest, who was the leader of the city-states and in charge of irrigation. They had to form an army
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What is "Theocracy"?
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A government that is tied to a religion
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What does "Argerion" mean?
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Agricultural
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Irrigation was a big part of Mesopotamian economics. What is irrigation?
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It's to supply water to the crops on the land
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Tell me about Mesopotamian trade...
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They had receipts, credits, notes ($)-the money was backed up with gold and silver
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What major code of laws came from the Sumarians?
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The Hammurabic Code
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What were the three main characteristics of Sumerian law?
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Retaliation, Semi-private administration of Justice, and Inequality before the law.
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What is the main concept of retaliation?
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"An eye for an eye"
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The semi-private administration of justice meant you had to do what?
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You were responsible for reporting the crime that was committed against you
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What was inequality before the law based on?
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A class system
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What class system did the Sumerians go by?
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First class:Aristocrats
Middle class: Commoners Lower class: Serfs/Slaves |
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Sumerian religion is ______ theistic?
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Poly
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What does that mean?
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They worship many gods
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What does "anthropomorphic" mean?
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To attribute human motivation, characteristics, or behavior to inanimate objects, animals, or natural phenomena
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Who is the "sun god"?
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Shamash
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Who is the god of rain and wind?
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Enlil
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Who is the goddess of mother earth and the moon?
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Ishtar
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All gods and goddesses where capable of what 2 characteristics?
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Good and evil
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What does "deity" refer to?
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Gods or goddesses
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What did the Sumerians believe about the after-life?
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They didn't have a strong sense of an after-life. They thought you became a ghost for a year, then kind of disapeared
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Men and women were created to do what?
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Serve the gods
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What was the ancient writing Sumerians used?
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Cueneiform, they were pictagraphs
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What where two other things Sumerians succeded in?
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Mathematics (mutiplication/square roots/60 min.) and Literary (Epic of Gilgamesh).
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What were the two main Persian religions?
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Zoroastrianism and Mithraism
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Who founded Zoroastrianism?
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Zoroaster
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What are the four main characteristics of Zoroastrianism?
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Duelism, eschatology, ethical, and revealed
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What is "duelism", and how did it effect this religion?
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Duelism was two forces (good/evil) always battling. Ahura Mazda=good force, Ahriman=evil force.
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What is "eschatology" and how did it play a part in this religion?
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Eschatology is the belief that all things have an end. Zoroaster believed in 9000 yrs he would battle evil, and in 12000 yrs the world would end.
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What does "ethical" mean, and how did ethics effect this religion?
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Ethics are morals (right/wrong). There was a very clear right and wrong. Men and women had the choice to choose good or evil
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When a religion is "revealed" what happenes(ed)?
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God speaks to someone and tells them the basic teachings (ex. Moses). Zoroaster said Ahura-Mazda spoke to him.
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Mithraism grew out of what religion?
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Zoroastrianism
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What is the story of how Mithraism became?
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A god named Mithra was born out of a rock. He controlled the creatures, and made an agreement with the sun. In return the sun gave us warmth/light (crops). The sun told him to slay the sacred bull, he does so and blood spills across the crops and makes them fertile. Ahriman (evil) was mad that people were doing well so he made a drought. Mithra stabs a rock, water pours out there is a FLOOD and he builds an ARCH.
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What does is a "ritual"and what are some of the rituals of Mithraism?
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A ritual is a ceremony. Sunday is the day of worship, 25th of December is when the sun comes back. Like Roman Catholicism
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Who are the "people of the book" and why are they called this?
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Islam, Judaism, Christianity, b/c they all have the same scriptual background
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Where did the founders of Judaism come from?
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The Arabian desert
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Who is Abraham and what did he accomplish?
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He moved ppl to north-western Mesopotamia. His son is Jacob who moved them to Palestine and they suffered a famine and moved to delta region in Egypt and got enslaved.
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What did Moses do from there?
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He brought the people back to Palestine, but died before he got there.
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What is Palestine sometimes called?
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The promise land
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What did Saul do? And who continued after him
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He united the twelve tribes, David followed him
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Who followed them? And what conflicts happened under his reign?
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Solomon, there was conflict between tribes. They split into 10 tribes, and 2 tribes
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What were the different tribes now called?
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"The Kingdom of Isreal"= 10 tribes
"The Kingdom of Judah"= 2 tribes |
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Then what happened to the 10 tribes in the north?
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They got conquered by the Assyrians
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What is the box that held the 10 commandments called?
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"The Arch of the Covenent"
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Why were the two tribes different?
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Northern tribes were urban, southern tribes were agricultural
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What is "The Babylonian Captivity" and what happened?
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The Babylonians captured Judah and held them captive, and Jerusalem was destroyed by the Persians (followed by the Greeks and then Romans)
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When and what was "Diasphera"?
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It was when the Jews fled and spread out. 70 BCE
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