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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Rules discoverable by reason
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Natural law
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English thinker, wrote "Leviathan", people are naturally evil/cruel
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Thomas Hobbes
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An agreement by which ppl gave up their freedom for an organized society
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Social contract
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English thinker, optimistic view of ppl, natrual rights (life, liberty, property). "Two Treatises of Government"
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John Locke
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Rights humans are born w/
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Natural rights
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"Philosophes", believed reason could lead to reform in government
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Philosophers
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"The Spirit of Laws", criticized absolute monarchy, checks and balences, the three branches
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Montesquei
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Outspoken b/c he spoke his mind, wit
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Voltaire
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28-volume set of books, "Encyclopedia"
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Diderot
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Believed humans were basically good, "The Social Contract", only some controls were neccesary
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Rousseau
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Policy allowing businesses to operate w/ little or no government interference.
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Laissz faire
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"The Wealth of Nations", free market
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Adam Smith
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Restricting access to ideas and information
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Censorship
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Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophers and others exchanged ideas
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Salon
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Style that was ornate, huge, colorful, and exciting
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Baroque
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Style that was lighter, elegant, charming
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Rococo
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Absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change
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Enlightened despots
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Reduced use of torture, free press, religious tolerance. Liked power, King of Prussia
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Frederick the Great
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Empress of Russia, no torture, religious tolerance, criticized serfdom
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Catherine the Great
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Traveled in disguise among his students of problems, free press, religious tolerance, abolished serfdom
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Joseph II
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Old order
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Ancien regime
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Three social classes
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Estates
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Upper middle class
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Bourgeoisie
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When a government spends more than it takes in
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Deficit spending
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Weak/indecisive ruler, appointed Necker
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Louis XVI
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Financial expert, wanted to reduce extra spending, reform gov., abolish tariffs, tax first and second estates
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Jacques Necker
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Lesgislative body w/ representatives of 3 estates
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Estates-General
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Grim medieval fortress used as prison for political and others
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Bastille
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Dissenting groups of people
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Factions
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Aristocractic "hero of 2 worlds", middle-class liked him, headed national guard
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Marquis de Lafayette
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Journalist, equal rights for women, "Declaration of the Rights of WOmen and the Female Citizen".
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Olympe de Gouges
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Queen, extravagant life irritated, didn't want a reform.
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Marie Antoinette
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Nobles, clergy, and others who fled France
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Emigres
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Working class, "without breeches"
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San-culottes
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Gov. ruled by elected officials, not monarchs
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Republic
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Revolutionary political club, middle-class lawyers/intellectuals
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Jacobins
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The right to vote
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Suffrage
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Lead Committy of Public Safety, dedication to revolution, radical "the incorruptible"
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Robespierre
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Sept. 1793-July1794, trials killed 17,000
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Reign of Terror
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Falling blade, cut off head
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Guillotine
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Popular military hero, lots of battles won, rules France
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Napoleon
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Strong feeling of pride in one's country
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Nationalism
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Port city
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Marseilles
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Popular vote by balot
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plebiscite
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Code of laws, equality of all citizens, religious tolerance, o feudalism
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Napoleonic Code
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Incorperated into an empire
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Annexed
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Closed European ports to British goods, but really helped the British
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Continental System
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Hit-and-run raids
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Guerilla warfare
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Russians retreated, burning crops and villages and hurt French army
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Scorched earth policy
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Stepped down from power
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Abdicated
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Diplomats sat down to restore stability in Europe
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Congress of Vienna
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Restoring hereditory monarchs that had been unseated
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Legitimacy
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System, powers met to discuss peace problems in Europe (compare to UN)
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Concert of Europe
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Monarch clashed w/ parlimont over $ and foreign policy
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James I
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Protestants who differed w/ the church of England
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Dissenters
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Inherited throne, wanted to behave like an absolute monarch. Imprisoned w/ trial, used lots o' $, signed "Petition of RIght"
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Charles I
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Sought to purify church, simpler services, more democratic
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Puritans
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Leader of Roundheads, Puritan, "New Model Army", made officials off skill not class
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Oliver Cromwell
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Several acts passed by Parliament, superiority of Parliament over monarchy
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English Bill of RIghts
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A constitution/legislative body limits monarch
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Constitutional government
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Gov. where a few ppl have power
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Oligarchy
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Drug that prevents pain during surgery
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Anesthetic
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Process of taking over and consolidation land farmers shared by peasants
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Enclosure
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Scottish engineer, improved Newcomen's steam engine
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James Watt
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Separate iron from it's ore
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Smelt
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Money used to invest in enterprises
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Capital
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Business organization in an area as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories
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Enterprises
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Ppl who manage and assume the financial risks of starting businesses
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Entrepreneurs
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Cottage industry, which raw cotton was distributed to peasant families who spun it into thread and then into cloth
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Putting-out-system
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Invented cotton gin
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Eli Whitney
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Private roads built by entrepreneurs, charged a fee to use it
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Turnpikes
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Where the world's first major rail line went to and from
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Liverpool to Manchester
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Movement of ppl to cities
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Urbanization
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Multistory buildings divided into apartments
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Tenements
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Workers organization
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Labor unions
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British economists, effects of rise in population, poverty is unavoidable, "An Essay on the Principle of Population"
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Thomas Malthus
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Advocated utilitarianism, all laws and actions judged by utility
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Jeremy Bentham
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Idea that the goal of science should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number"
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Utilitarianism
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Ppl as a whole rather than private individuals owning businesses
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Socialism
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The farms, factories, railroads, and others that produced food
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Means of production
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Utopian, model society in New Lanark, refused child labor
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Robert Owen
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German philosopher, condemned ideas of Utopians as unrealistic, "scientific socialism", wrote "The Communist Manifesto" w/ Engles
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Karl Marx
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Form of socialism, a violent revolution leads to a classless society where all production owned by community
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Communism
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Working class
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Proletariat
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Political ideology where there is gradual transition from capitalism to socialism and working class gets to vote
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Social demcracy
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Who was Steve Biko?
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Wanted overthrow apartheid
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Who was Marcus Garvey?
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Preached a forceful, appealing message of "Africa for Africans" and demanded an end to colonial rule..
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Who was W.E.B. DuBois?
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African American activist, organized the first Pan-Africanism Congress.
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Who was Ataturk?
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"Father of the Turks", goals to modernize Turkey along Western lines and to separate religion from gov.
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What did Ataturk's gov. do for Turkey?
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Built railroads, set up factories, and hired westerners to advise him
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What was the Indian National Congress party?
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Pressed for self-rule within the British empire
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Who was Theodor Herzl?
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Responded to growing anti-Semitism in Europe by founding the modern Zionist movement, wanted to rebuild a Jewish state in Palestine
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Who was Gandhi?
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Preached ahimsa, he believed in the power of love, lead boycott of British goods
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What is stream of consciousness?
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Technique, a writer appears to present a character's random thoughts and feelings without imposing any logic or order
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What is Einstein's Theory of Relativity?
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Argued that measurements of space and time are not absolute but are determined by the relative position of the observer, raised questions about Newtonian science
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Who was Sigmund Freud?
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Suggested that the subconscious mind drives much of human behavior
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What title did Mussolini take?
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II Duce
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Who did Mussolini get support from, and for what in return?
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Pope Pius XI, in return for recognizing Vatican City as independent state
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What is Fascism?
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-Political system that became popular in Europe
-State is more important than the people -Strongly nationalistic -War should be glorified -Strict obedience to state -Always imployed Propoganda |
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Who was another Fascist?
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Francisco Franco (Spain)
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When Lenin died, what did he not do?
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Name an heir
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Russia is ________
Italy is __________ |
Communist, Fascist
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What was Stalin's Five Year Plan?
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Russia began to industrialize under it, a five year plan to success in Russia
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What did Stalin also bring under gov. control?
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Agriculture
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When some peasants didn't want to give up their land, what did they do?
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They resisted by killing farm animals, destroying tools, and burning land
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Stalin decided to do what to the Kulaks?
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"Liquidate them" (kill them) and sent to labor camps
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Between 1936 and 1938 what did Stalin do?
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Staged a series of "show trials". Former Communist leaders confessed to all kinds of crimes after officials tortured them. Many of the purged party members weren't tried and were sent straight to the Gulag.
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