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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Romulus and Remus
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Founders of Rome. Their mother had abandoned them on the banks of the Tiber River. Succled by wolf. Romulus kills Remus and the city takes its name from him being Rome.
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Tiber River
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Runs right through the heart of Rome
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Latins
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Indigenous people of the land. They moved from the north. They helped raise Rome to greatness. They were gifted in art and building.
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Estruscans
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People from the south who had great influence on the city. They were great metal workers. They were farmers. Romans start to fall under the struscans but the Romans didn’t understand them and start to establish their own politics…etc.
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Sabines and Samnites
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To the central and east of Rome. They are absorbed by Romans.
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Magna Graecia
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Influence Roman writing and alphabet. Romans become familiar with Greek politics and philosophy.
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Sicily (Syracuse)
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Located on the island of Sicily is also dominated by the Greeks but Romans began to expand domination of this area.
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Latium
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Riches growing area. The soil was rich and mosit and good place to grow so the food became a surplus so they begin to trade more.
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Latin League
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Headed by Rome and other smaller Latin cities. It was an alliance to protect themselves from the most feared people in the world who were the Celts
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Celts (Gauls)
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Raiders. Fierce. Dangerous. Feared. Nomatic with large well trained armies. They would go into battle naked sometimes. Thye painted their bodies blue. Braided hair. Wore bones. They did magical spells. They were famous for beheading their enemies and carrying heads attached to saddles and ropes. Known for drinking lots amount of beer and roasted large amounts of meat. Sang songs of brave past and conquest. They instilled great fear in people they conquered. They managed to penetrate city of Rome in 387BC and the city was destroyed. The Twelve Tables were destroyed. After this the Romans become traumatized over this invasion and vow never to let it happen again so they go onto the defensive. This invasion will affect them forever. So the Romans rebuild the city and they establish well definied fortifications to protect them and they begin to form the biggest and best military.
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Legion
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All abled bodied men belong to this. Great military. Broken down into very specialized military men. Al Roman males served in it. The members were highly royal and extremely loyal of their commanders. They served almost as brothers. They would become world famous for ability to fight. Very brave. They eventually become invincible. Start the Invasion of Gaul occupied by the Celts. They push them all the way into the Northern part of Europe. Latin league eventually dissolves and all area is conquered by Romans. (southern Italy and Greeks all conquered)
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Rubicon River
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Northern border of the newly established Rome land. No general were permitted to bring his military across the river into Rome itself unless allowed.
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"Expansion Citizenship"
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They conquered people and wanted them to become citizens of Rome. They didn’t disturb customs, etc. They wanted others to join the rights of Roman people and the protection of Roman military. This helped in more and more conquest. Romans become very skilled diplomats. New territories are required to provide more man power for the Roman legions.
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The Punic Wars
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Conquering Carthage and Sicily
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Carthage
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They feel their success is being taken by Romans. Was a Phoenician colony. Were a free people with highly skilled navy unlike the Romans. They felt threatened by Roman legions. The Romans make the first offensive and launch the first Punic war in 264BC. Had victory over Carthage after many years of war. Then the Romans began to build up a navy and gain knowledge and skill in it.
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Corsicia, Sardina, Sicily
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Romans take them over cause they were under Carthage. Carthage had to pay a lot of gold to Romans.
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Second Punic Wars
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Navy fleet becomes renowned. Carthage wants revenge.
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Hannibal
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One of the most famous generals. Commands army of Carthage. Very brilliant. Great strategies. Campaign was to move his armies up and back into Italy from the land to invade Romans from the north. On his way he recruited the Celts as allies.
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Spain and the Alps
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Hannibal uses elephants and crosses the Alps with his army. The Romans retreated into forts when he came. He conquered everything but not the city of Rome. Lasted for many years.
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Battle of Canae
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40,000 people died and the Romans had to retreat into their city and were defeated in this battle. Was the first major battle.
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General Scipio
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Had a plan to force Hannibal out of Italy with his army. He attacked Carthage direct by sea with massive Roman legions. Hannibal was recalled to defend that city against Scipio.
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Battle of Zama
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Famous battle with Roman victory over Hannibal and Carthage was finally defeated once and for all.
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Africanus
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Scipio was then known as Scipio Africanus which means conqueror of Africa. Carthage had to pay heavy debts. Hannibal fled the city and committed suicide out of shame and defeat.
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Macedonia Wars
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Rome finally victorious over Greece and Macedonia
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Greece and Macedonia
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They are both finally independent and become client states of Rome and they are under the Roman Empire. Back in Rome there is still crisis in the Republic. They began to occupy territories with governors. They were many times corrupt and oppressive and they become very wealthy. The rich are getting richer and poor are getting poor and less food. Allies aer now demanding for citizenship. Republican will end soon. You end up having rich senators, etc.
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Latifundia
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In the rich class. Generals are also wealthy and governors and merchants and contractors for the military. Most poor farmers are now flocking to cities and those still farming are exploiting the soil and having to do it year round and not rich anymore. Don’t depend on weather anymore or wheat. Demand for food for military and poor they have heavy imports or wheat and grain form egypt and still not enough to feed everyone. Slaves begin to still flock to city and they have to be fed as well but not enough. The food situation is getting worse. In 130BC the common farmer is no more. They end up roaming the streets.
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Gracchus Brothers
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(Tiberius and Gaius)
Lead the reform in the senate. They become champions of poor and disposed in Rome. They are opposed by the rich in the senate. They offer to: resettle the poor farmer and give him land or job, allow the poor to buy grain at cost, began a very large public works program building roads, etc. The rich senators resented this program. Tiberius was assassinated leading to unrest and violence in the streets of Rome. Gaius then flees the city and then 12 years later he was then assassinated. The senate hired people to kill them. If you supported the brothers then you were killed. So thousands were killed. Rome is now resorting to violence instead of the republican idea which is a tragic mistake. Mobs began to break out in Italy. |
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"strongmen"
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Power begans to be given to generals known as “strongmen”.
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General Marius
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First strongman to come to power. Veteran of North African wars and a hero to Roman people and victorious against the Gauls. Rome is now a professional army. The military want to share in riches and land. The army now begins to give all loyalty to general which makes them very powerful. Army doesn’t support senate or state anymore but the General. Each general has its own allegiance (5 thousand in each)
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Pontus
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88BC Rome goes against them about rule. Army is put together to put down this rebellion. Marion demanded the army do this. The council of the Plebes elected General Sulla to help do this. During this 80 thousand had been slaughtered. Rome would elected dictator in times of crisis with power to restore order at any cost. His power is unlimited. But Roman law said dictator only in charge for six months.
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General Sullal
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Sulla becomes the dictator and stays in power the wrong amount of time and after the pontuc victory he retires.
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General Pompey
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Comes to power after Sulla. Very popular. More savvy than others.
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Crassus
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Pompey’s backer who supported every political move by Pompey
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Spartacus
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Led a slave rebellion and General Pompey and Crassus helped. Spartacus killed.
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First Triumvirate
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Ruled by three
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Crassus, Pompey, Julius Caesar
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Make up first triumvirate. Crassus was killed in 53BC. Caesar and Pompey began to take over and dominate senate in Rome and began to pack senate with their supporters.
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Gaul
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They rebel against Rome. Caesar is given permission to put them down and does.
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Commentaries on the Gaulic Wars
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Caesar had a recorder go with him to right down his victories so everyone could read. Before he went back he conquered Britain as well. While he was away Pompey moved to sucure more power for himself in Rome and Caesar’d daughter who was married to Pompey died in child brith breaking the family bond between these two mens. So fearing a civil war between these two men the romans tell Caesar he had to stay in Gaul but Caesar violated this order and returned to Rome with his legions and cross the rubican river and violating the law of nto crossing that river without rome permission. SO a long bloody civi war erupted between these two men. Caesar was victorious in this war. Pompey feld to Greece first and then to Egypt.
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King Ptolemy XII
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In power in Egypt. After Pompey arrived in Egypt Ptolemy was found drowned in river (probably by cleo’s supporters) so now Cleopatra is now sole ruler of Egypt and then Pompey is assassinated. Caesar returns to Rome and is put back into great power and seen as a hero after Pompey is dead. He then has himself appointed dictator for life. This greatly concerned the Republican order.
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Cleopatra XII
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Ptolemy’s sister. Join rulers in Egypt. Caesar ahd a love affair with her. She gave him a son name Caesarian.
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Caesarian
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First C section and was named for him.
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Julian Calendar
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Adopted before killed
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Reforms by Caesar
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grants land of veterans of wars, halted the bringing in of more slaves, uses his own fortune to feed and aid the poor, gave land grants through senate to the poor, decreased size of senate to 900, for the first time foreigners are allowed to serve in senate, invented first gold coins in roman history, restored order and prosperity
Caesar is later stabbed to death |
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Mark Antony
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Powerful general after Caesar, to hunt down assassins first.
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Octavian
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Adopted son of Caesar and he must be recognized as the heir and fortune.
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Second Triumvirate
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(Octavian, Antony, Leipdus) Assassins of Caesar are hunted down and killed. Leipdus very soon steps down. So the empire is split east and west with Antony on the east control and Octavian on the west. Antony establishes headquarters in Alexander and Cleo is there waiting on him and begins an affair and she gives him three children (twins and a son) By persuasion Antony then put forth cleo’s son Caesarian forth to be heir. The senate denied this. Cleo was very angry. So Octavian begins to have hard political feelings again Antony and begin to hate each other. Ceasarian claim made them hate each other more.
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Battle of Actium 31BC
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East and West go to war against each other. Most east providences were given to Cleo. The battle took place at Actium at Sea (one of the greatest sea battles of Rome). Victory for Octavian and western army. Antony and Cleo then fled back to Alexander where they killed themselves. He fell on his sword and she had her servants bring her a basket of figs with a cobra in it and died almost instantaneous. So now Octavia assumes power in Rome. 31BC ends the Roman republic officially.
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End of the Republic
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Violation of traditional Roman law. Law become meaningless (such as dicatators staying too long 2. Civil disorder and violence in the streets by farmers and poor and civil war 3. The vastness of the roman empire (too much too soon?) 4. Corruption in the provences 5. Importation of too many slaves and displacing of farmers and common laborers and workers 6. Shift to allegiance to military leaders instead of senators 7. The conquer territories that fell uner Roman rule were difficult to govern
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Princeps
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One of the titles of Octavian which means first citizen of Rome or
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Caesar Augustus
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What Octavian’s name means. He is now a sole absolute ruler.
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emperor
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Octavian in roman Empire. Reduces senate from 900 members to 600 members. He personally appointed each one of them. Got the people out of debt. Instituted a sales tax and a state tax to being more revenue in. Revenue then increases. Because population begins to increase, adultery becomes a capital crime.
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Census
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Census of the entire Roman empire. He wanted to know how many people were there and how much tax he can expect. This is the beginning of the Roman treasury. He also started public works projects. He built Roman bathes. Built the Great temples of Rome and he Forum. Rome becomes known as a show place for things built from marble. Also used concrete for the first time. First police department and fire department Rome had ever had. The empire is beginning to prosper again. Also built the Red Coliseum (one of the greatest outdoor theatres ever constructed. Gladiator games, etc.
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Julia (sister of Octavian)
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Octavian’s daughter is exiled from Rome because of adultery
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Nativity
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In the Roman providence of Judah. Christ is born.
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Great Circus
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Entertainment for people. Gladiator games
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Amphitheatre
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For great plays and outdoor events to keep people entertained. Keeps people occupied and content. Empire is at peace at this point.
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Praetorian Guard
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The home guard swearing a blood oath the Caesar Augustus (Octavian)
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Legates
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Power of attorney of Roman emperor himself. They can make decisions and their decisions are automatically approved by emperor. They make sure revenue makes its way to state treasury in Rome
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Germanic Tribes
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Huns begin to push them into the north of Rome. Augustus is getting old and fails to address this problem as much as he should. It becomes a great problem for the Romans.
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Teutoburg Forest
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In 9ce 15000 Romans died in this forest in northern Italy because of the Germatic Tribes and Rome will no longer expand. The Roman empire function so well under
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Pax Romana
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The Roman empire function so well under Augustus that it was given this name. It means the Roman Peace because the empire was at peace. Augustus died in 14ce. He had no son so there is a problem of who will rule in his place.
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Julio-Claudians
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Line of emperors.
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Tiberius
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One of the Julio-Claudians. He was step son of Augustus. Christ is born under his reign.
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Judea
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King Herod is dead.
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Christos
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Christ or the anointed one and was executed in 33ce under Pilot. (Jesus)
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Caligula
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One of the line of emperors. Could have been insane. Was very cruel and ruthless. Made his horse a senator. Anyone he considered to be a threat were quietly executed and he took whatever they owned. He was killed by his guard.
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Nero
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The city of Rome burned during his reign. He was charged with this but there is no evidence he did. The homeless and those displaced by the fire blamed him. He then begins an intense persecution of Christians. He considered it a capital crime but it was spreading. They were burned alive, eaten by lions, etc. He executed to keep attention away from problems from fire. He committed suicide.
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Five Good Emperors
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During their rule Rome is made stable again. Oburtrary execution is stopped.
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Trajan
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Building flourish again under his rule. He creates the aquaduct
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Pantheon and Aqueducts
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Aqueducts brought in water. Bridges and shipping was built and used.
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Hadrian
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Built the wall under his rule
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Hadrian's Wall
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Ran form coast to coast of northern border of Great Britian to protect form the Angolans and Galans.
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Marcus Aurelius
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Not one of the five good emperors. Ture servant of the Roman people. Was stoic. Germanic intrusion continued so he invited them to settle on Roman territory peacefully. He even asked them to join Roman empire. This was bad because it jeopardized defense attorney of the legions. It also puts demands on Roman people and are displaced and begins to destroy empire
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Stoic
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Marcus known as this which means free from passion. They don’t show grief or visible pleasure or pain. They are endruing and brave. They are philosopher. It can also mean duty above all things.
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The Meditations
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Marcus wrote this. Inner most feelings and meditations and thoughts, etc.
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Diocletian
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Attempts to revive the empire. But it is too big and too vast for one person to rule so he split the empire into east and west. He attempt a rule called a techararchy which means ruled by four. East and west got their own Caesar and each appointed their own accessor. They used talented men. But this all did not work for long. So he can’t manage it at all and begins to tax farmers more which is not good and passes a law for farmers and they had to stay on their land and work it and the land would pass to sons of the farmers. So serfdom begins which means when land is sold the farm hands are sold with it. Begin to see inflation and a black market begins. Nothing was good. People has to worship Gods but Jew didn’t have to. (??) In catacombs were the underground area for Roman dead the Christians began to worship there. He retired in 305. The system begins to break down and not function well. By 312 the system is completely fallen.
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Constantine
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He is important. Was son of western Caesar. He attempts to deal away with the bad empire. He will move seat of government from Rome to Constantinople and the city is named for him. (to the east). He was warlike. He worshipped the sun goddess of Rome. He would pray to the sun goddess before war.
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Milvian Bridge
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In 312 in the east he was about to go into battle and while prying to the sun goddess he had a vision in the sky and he sees the Greek cross and beneath the cross he saw the word Christos and below that it said in his sign you will conquer. He becomes the first Christian emperor after he converts. For Christians in 313, he issued a document call the Edict of Milan written in Milan and it legalized Christianity once and for all. We will now see rome prosper under him.
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Byzantium
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In the east and the capitol is moved. (today is turkey) It is one in the same with Constantinople like ATL in GA) He moved it because West isn’t as strong. Especially after Barbarian intrusions.
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New Rome
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All moved now to the east and is not what is used to be and is now the Byzantine empire (lasts until 1453 and is known as new Rome) which will be Christian empire. West empire very pagan.
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Constantinople
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Now Istanbul
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Fall of the Western Empire
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Loss of population by empire so many slaves they also imported diseases that they were not immune to. Soldiers are also bringing back diseases. 5 thousand people were dying a day from disease. Shortage in agriculture labor. Decreased recruits for Roman military. Soil was exhausted from using it year round. Civil wars broke out between generals and rulers. Broke defensive unity. Political instability with incompetent rulers. The size of the empire was too large for one person to rule. The Germanic invasions (barbarians) were bad and they were not capable of stopping them. Some people said lead poison killed people and let it fall. But it problem was just a combination of all these things over time.
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Edward Gibbon
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Blamed Christianity for the fall of west. He said traditionally values were lost and patriotism for roman gods
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Paterfamilias
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Eldest male in family became the dominate male. (during the reign of Augustus)
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Coliseum
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Gladiator games were held here. Seated 50,000 people. It was where the “Great Circus” was held for chariot races and games. The floor could be flooded to hold mock sea battle between two ships. Place of the Christian Persecutions particualry during the Reign of Nero. (fed to Lions, etc.)
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The Public Bathes
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Accommodated thousands of people. Built around warm springs. Women on one side and Men on other. Massages and mineral bathes. Etc.
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Linqua Franca
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Latin becomes the universal language of writers, scholars, philosophers, religion, etc. French language will displace it in the 19th century
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Vergil
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Writer who wrote The Aeneid which tells the founding of Rome (Romulus and Remus)
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Ovid
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Greatest of Roman Poets. Wrote The Art of Love
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Jupiter, Juno, Neptune, Vesta, Julius Caesar (Caesar Augustus)
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Jupiter is Zeus, Juno is Hera (goddess of women), Neptune is Poseidon (God of sea), Vesta is Hestia (goddess of home), They want to add more and more gods so Caesar was added after his death.
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Tacitus
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Literally figure. Roman historian. Wrote many histories of Rome. He praised the Germans in his writing Germania and said they were heroes and thought Romans should have been more like them and less luxury and do nothings. He thinks this was the fall of Rome.
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Rise of Christianity
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Will change the path of history once and for all. At the time of the birth of Christ Rome will be in Power but Judea is where Jesus is born.
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Judea
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Troubled land torn by conflict. Under Roman occupation at the time. And was hard o govern and maintain order. They had puppet kings there such as King Heron.
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Judaism
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Dominate religion at the time of Christ birth. Was split into sects and the most troubled of these were the Zealots.
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Zealots, Essenes
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Considered themselves to be only true Jews. They led uprisings against the Romans. (Z) Dead Sea Scrolls confirmed what we know about Essenes. More peaceful. The majestic one coming. Roamns destroy temple in Jerusualem and many Christian churches. However religion was protected on Roman law so Jews were privaledge and could become Roman citizens without giving up religion. They could not fight on sabbath. Jews used their own coins and had their own administrators. Great resentment against gentiles. If not a Jew then you are a Gentile. Gentiles mocked Jewish people to the “unseen god”. Jewish call god Jehovah or Yahweh.
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Sanhedrin
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Jewish administrators
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Nazareth
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Christ born in Judea of Nazareth so his name is Jesus of Nazareth. Many rejected by many Jews. But many do convert and follow him.
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Judeo-Christians
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Jesus’ early teachings but eventually breaks away from the Judeo. He preached to all who would listen. He did not limit himself to elite. He becomes attractive to many because anyone could have this intimate relationship with god. Emotional ties with God which attracts human. Promised eternal life. Taught humanity, kindness, justice. Jews gave him title of Rabbi which means teacher and the greatest of them. He was considered a reformer. Orthodox (strict) Jews thought of him as one outside their faith. Especially with him preaching to the Gentiles. Did not leave anything written but left his teachings to be written by disciples. And the Gospels of Jesus were Matthew, Mark, Luke, John. After his death the Judeo-Christian religion. Many Jews followed him but were bound by Jewish law but some begin to break away and many radical Jews are upset they are breaking away.
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Saul of Tarsus
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Emphasizes “universal approach”. Becomes great apostle to the Gentiles. Was born in Turkey (Asia Minor). He was a Jew but was exposed to many other ideas and was very well educated. He was a citizen of Roman. He was a Greco Roman Jew. Persecuter of the early Christians and Christian church. He was spoken to by Christ himself when he saw a bright light on the way home. “Why do you persecute me?” Becomes a Christian. Spoke Greek. Was one of the greatest Christian leaders. He then took the Greek from of his name, Paul after converting. He wrote letters to all his congregations when traveling and they are called the epistles. Interpreted the faith and spread it. Great portion of New Testament written by him. He turns Christianity outward. Great teacher and missionary. Made Christian universal. Permently separator of Jew. Meets Peter in Rome and both were martyred in roman. (Gave life for their faith) Peter was crucified upside down because it wasn’t like Jesus. Paul was a Roman citizen so had to be Beheaded.
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St. Stephen
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Was stoned to death and Saul of Tarsus and saw this and was disturbed. He was the first Christian martyr (Stephen)
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Epistles
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Paul’s letters
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Theodosius I (395)
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Made Christianity official religion of Roman empire.
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Diocese, parish
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Early Bishops of the church organize the church in Diocese with many parishes within each diocese.
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Orthodoxy and heresy
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Orthodoxy was correct interpretation of Bible and teachings the incorrect was heresy .
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Arianism
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Heresy that questioned the trinity and divinity of Christ. Does one equal three or does three equal one? If you believe in three then that is not monotheism. Trinity threatened.
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Council of Nicaea
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In 325 they solved the trinity conflict
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Nicene Creed
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Trinity is correct because the God is human and god at the same time
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ecumenical
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Universal decision and belief and this was the first in the history of the church
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Eucharist
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One of the seven sacraments (body and blood of church)
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Bishop
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Cathedral. The Bishops in the far east begin to resent full authority of the pope. Byzantine Empire. They also resented the use of images in worship. Quarrels begin to erupt with Pope and Rome and Bishops in the East. Who would have rule over missionaries (pope or bishops in the east?)
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Priest
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Churches
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Cathedral
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Bishop’s church. The churches were administered by the Priests.
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Archbishop
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Presided over many bishops
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Pope (Pontiff)
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Head of all the church. Early years in the church the Pope would help politically as well. They would deal with secular (anything not dealing with Christianity) affair. Papal authority (pope authority)
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Petrine Theory
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Gives pope all his authority and great power. It is taken from scripture dealing with the apostle Peter and pulled from the book of Matthew.
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Schism of 1054
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Schism means break. There is a break in the church over the dispute with the Bishops in the east. The Bishops in the east begin the Greek Orthodox Church.
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Greek Orthodox Church
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Headed by a Patriarch. This church was in the east in Greece. The retained all the beliefs and rituals of the Catholic.
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Triumph of Christianity
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How Christianity Spread so fast: It spread westward and never goes east. Never goes to the Middle East. It spreads westward on Roman built roads. It spread into northern parts of Europe. Establishment of Roman political system. Bishops were formed from the political offices. They built on what was already there. The Popes filled the empty holes in the political system. Missionaries help spread quickly.
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Arabia
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Religion forms here. Governed by tribal system. Hundreds of different tribes and no true political system. They were nomadic. They had several wars and it was torn by conflict. No national identity. One period of each year the hostilities would cease and they would maek a holy pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca.
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Mecca
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Holiest city in Islam. Many images of Pagan gods here. They were objects of worship. The tribes would come once a year to pay respect to them. Place of birth where profit Muhammad born. SO the city becomes even holier.
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Kaaba
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Where the images were kept. Cubed shaped room.
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Black Stone
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All the gods together called this. It was a piece of meteorite. They all worshipped it.
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Muhammad
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Nothing he wrote we ever see. Only what we know about him was written long after his death. Born in Mecca. In 570ce. Age six loses both of his parents. Born into a very wealthy family. His uncle took him in and educated him. Then they ran into financial hard times so they moved into the caravan business(transporting of goods) which gives them a chance to travel over large amount of places and Muhammad gets to meet people and learn things and broaden his ideas. He learns of Judaism and Christianity. He can only read Arabic. He takes a wife who is a very wealthy widow. He was concerned over: materialistic concerns of society bothered him, greed bothered him. Ago 40 (year 610) while meditating in seclusion he heard a voice of instruction speak to him which he believed was the angel Gabriel ( this was the Revelation) and he is told he will be God’s messenger. He was told he would be the last messenger. In 613 he begins teaching the word. He travels and begins in the city of Mecca. His teachings were not well received by most in the early years because he denounced the pagan gods and he spoke out against them. He was also threatening the established order or the tribes. This would be bad for business.
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Khadijah
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Muhammad’s wife. Also in caravan business. 15 years older than him. They had six children. They become wealthier and wealthier. So now he no longer has to work.
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Koran (Qur'an)
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Holy book of Islam. Beliefs written down here. Written way after Muhammad died. Very difficult to read. It is a practical guide for living. In this faith there were no hard set of rules like the 10 commandments. But he believed the revelations given to him confirmed the teachings of the old and new testament.
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"people of the book"
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These were the people in the old and new testament (the bible)
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Yathrib
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In 622 Muhammad goes here and it is the “city of the Profit”. It will be known as the holiest day and year.
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Hegria
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Holiest day. This means “the flight”. This begins year one on the Islamic calendar.
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Medina
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Yathrib takes the new name Medina and it is known as the city of the profit. BH and AH mean before Hegira and after Hegira. They follow a lunar calendar. 12 months and 28 days. He was accepted in this city and so were his teachings. He unifies the people and they become his first true followers. He then beigns to spread further to the middle east.
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Muslims
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Followers of Muhammad. “those who submit to God”
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Islam
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Means “submission to God”
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Allah
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Designation to god himself. True monotheistic faith. Allah orders him to take an army with him to fight his enemies.
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Monotheistic
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Believing in one god (Islam)
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Jihad
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Means holy word. Used by extremists. Jews in Medina and Jews in other parts of Middle East were respected and were not force to join religion because they were “people of the book”. Christians were also left alone. Finally the city of Mecca fell to the profit. All pagan gods in that city were destroyed. Only one thing remained and that is the black stone and is still there and is now a symbol of unity. True Muslims believe it is a gift from the profit Abraham. In 632 Muhammad dies of natural causes. After this, his teachings were composed to make the Koran.
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Five Pillars of Islam
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The practices of this faith.
1. Confession of faith: no God but one God (Allah). Muhammad is the last profit and there will be no more 2. Prayer: five sets of prayers five times a day. If possible they should be recited in a mosque 3. Alms: Charity: feed the poor, hungry and displaced. Redistribution of wealth. No set percentage just as much as you can afford. 4. Fasting: done during the holy month of Ramadan (the holiest month) Fast from sun up to sun down and no exceptions. Eat only moderate after sun sets. Should accomplish material and world desires. Month of awareness to sensitivity to world and poor. Pregnant are not required to fast. The very ill are excluded and young children as well. 5. Pilgrimage (the hajj): make at least one pilgrimage to the Holy city of Mecca (now Saudia Arabia). Have to go at least once in your lifetime |
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Alms
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charity
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Shariah
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The book of law and instruction and how to pray and the prohibition of alcohol. Prohibition on certain foods as well. Good Muslims do not eat pork. There is a radical and less radical version.
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Caliph
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The new leader. He was more of a spiritual leader.
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Abu Baker
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The first caliph who was the father in law of the prophet Muhammad. He was disputed and created more division primarily by his son in law(Ali). He was later murdered in 661. Later his followers separated themselves and called themselves the Shiites. These are the fundamentalists who believe in a strict interpretation. Members of the Taliban. Believed in strict interpretation of the Koran and not afraid to die for their faith (suicide bombers) many of them live in Iran now.
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Umar
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Another follower who steps into the Shiite leadership
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Uthman
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Next as the leader of Shiites but is later assassinated
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Umayyad Family
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661 leads the Sunnites. Lead during civil war. Overthrown in 750
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Shities and Sunnites
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Sunnites: more tolerant of the faith and believe the leader can come out of the prophets family.
They are split and remain split today. They believe the same thing just approach it in a different way. |
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Avicenna
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Wrote an encyclopedia. Worked on the idea of diseases spreading. Worked on teachers teaching their students about them
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Mosaics
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Use of little pieces of class to detail a scene. Sometimes cover walls, etc. Set into plaster
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Omar Khayyan
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Wrote the Arabian Nights. Aladdin and the magic lamp. Children’s stories
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Constantinople
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(instanbul)- could be defended easy because it located around water, also eay to trade. Many advantages. Remained capital of eastern roman empire for over 1100 years. now in turkey. Christian empire because of Constantine. Emporers court used precious gems, incesnse, wore makeup, decked out in gold. A whole new atmosphere. There will be no separation of church and state, the caesar for eastern empire assuming role of greek orthodox church.
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autocrat
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sole ruler, absolute ruler, absolute monarch. To question him was to be a traitor. They will not tolerate tyranny and harsh rule, it was just to rebel against this treatment. Emporers who did this were imprisoned, exiled, or assassinated. Some were blinded with hot pokers, had their faces mutilated for harsh tyranny. Constantine was the most famous emporer to rule
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Justinian
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huge ego, had a recorder to record everything he said and did so it wouldn’t be forgotten. During his reign all of western empire was lost, he tried to retake it but was unsuccessful. His wife was Theodora, considered to be a mistress of witchcraft, from a family of circus performers and even exotic danced with trained geese to entertain the court.
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Schism
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separating Christian empires, split the church
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Nomisma
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coin of byzantine empire.
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Eunuchs
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castrated males that were leaders in the court, they were devoted in their jobs
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Hagia Sophia
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architectural contribution that is in instanbul today. Justanian’s contributions origianly a Christian cathedral now a mosque. “church of holy wisdom” greatest architectural contribution of byzantine empire
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Code of Civil Laws
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roman law was preserved, code was written in greek and is the basis for law throughout continental Europe
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Ottoman Turks
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will conquer Byzantine empire it will fall and the Christian empire will now become a muslim empire in 1453, and the name is changed to Istanbul.
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Mongolia (The Mongols)
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North China. Conquering people. Conquer much of the world and change character of much of the world. They were nomadic and pastoral. Very tribal also. Protective of grazing lands and herds. Early on they were raiders. The rest of the world thought of them barbaric. They were not unity. Feircely independent. Very fierce fighters. They are feared most of the “civilized world” Lived in large rounds tents called yurts each family had their own. Ate mainly meat and dairy products. It is a warrior society. Their skills was unreal. They could right while still mounted. They were an obscure people. They would go back to their own land time to time. China built the Great Wall to keep them out.
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Yurts
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Their movable houses.
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Kubilai Khan
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puts China under Mongolian control. embraced buddist faith and confusionism was revived. Established civil service.
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Yuan Dynasty
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Only India did not fall to them. In China the Mongols established the yuan dynasty. Trade was fostered . Prospered under rule, were very advanced.
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Khanbaliq (Beijing)
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ebraced buddist faith and confusionism was revived. Established civil service. Becomes capital city. Fell to war and succession arguments, excessive spending on war. Fell in 1369 and is replaced with MING dynasty
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Ming Dynasty
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"Bright Dynasty" rules until 1364. Polytheistic (wind, rain, sun=sacreed) did not burn their trash. Could be put to death for peeing on a fire. Priest communicated with gods and spirits of the dead. As many wives as can support. Primary wifes son would succeed. Nobility buried with a live slave below person. When they were nearly dead they would dig them up. If they survived they would be set free and respected.
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Exogamous
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did not marry within their own tribe
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