• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/179

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

179 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The Transformation of Europe
The Germanics invade
Germanic Peoples
Romans never able to conquer these people. Made up of several groups.
Visigoths
In 378 in the Byzantine empire from Scandinavia. They cross over the Byzantine empire and go to war with Emperor Valens in a place called Andrianople which is north of Constantinople and the Empire Valens was killed. When can’t take Constantinople they continue to Rome and take it in 410. They then continue to march westward and cross Gaul. They will settle in Spain. They will remain there until the Muslim conquest.
Emperor Valens
Visigoths kill him. Emperor of Adrianople
Alaric
Leader of the Visigoths. He was very fierce. His people were unable to reach the walls of Constantinople.
Angles and Saxons
Angles from Denmark and Saxons from Germany. They will move into Britain and intermarry with the Britain people and then form the Anglo-Saxton people. They will displace the indigenous Celtic Britain people.
Gaels
Germanic and they will settle in Ireland
Picts
Also Germanics. They settle in Scotland and whales.
Vandals
Cross into southern Spain. They will then turn back into Carthage. They completly destroy Rome. Carthage is their capital. They are very violent people.
Franks
Germanics also. They settle in France. They displace the Gauls that were there.
Vikings (Northmen)
They are raiders. Known for their seamanship. Settle on the coast of France (some of them). They become known as northmen because from Scandinavia. Coast of France becomes known as Normandy. Some settle in southern Italy as well. They will eventually convert and become Christians.
Middle Ages (Medievial Period) 500-1500
1. Legacy of Roman empire2. Roman Catholic Church is well established. 3. Germanic People moving in. All this is known as western civilized world. All this leads to the Middle Ages. The Byzantine empire is still holding on.
*wergild
System to judge the guilty. You could pay a fine and end the fued.
*The ordeals
The Germanics used to test the innocent and the guilty. The accused would be tried. They believed if innocent then god would protect them. Like holding onto a red hot poker or emerge feet into boil water. If no pain then god protected and you were innocent.
*Lifestyles of the People in Europe
They intermarry with indigenous people including the Romans. Everything revolved around the family. Eldest male dominated. Several generations and extended family lived together. Woman life expectancy only 30-40 years. 15-20% died in child birth. Served as wife, mother, laborer and keeper of the house. They did a lot of strong manual labor as well. The law of these people was taken very personality. If you violated another family it was an insult. Often family feuds over several issues or honor. For revenge they would remove the ear, feet, hand or eyes of enemies. They were split into diocese. A bishop would oversee a diocese and an archbishop would oversee several. The pope himself was the head of them all. Monks worked with teachers, priests, etc.
Religion in Medieval Europe
1.Roman Catholic Church
2. missionaries
3. Monasteries
Monasteries
They were for men. Roman Catholic church establish these. People are educated and praying to become priest. Convents were for nuns. They devote their life to their religion. Priest, Bishops, Archbishops, etc. they were very aesthetic people. They practice self disciple. Many after educated they become missionaries. They take Christianity to these people. Many others didn’t return to outside world. They are devoted into one individual such as saint peter. They can be identify by their clothing known as their habits.
Secular Clergy
Those who leave and go into the outside world form monasteries and become priests, teachers, etc. They establish a rule or an order. Some of them become social workers. They begin to establish centers for leaning. Some are nurses. Etc.
The Franks
Merovingian Dynasty, Clovis (481-587) do nothing kings, Mayors of Palace, Pepin I the short, Charles Marter, Carolmen, Louis Pius, etc.
Merovingian Dynasty
First to establish. What would turn into France. Overtime the empire splits. The sons and grandsons of Clovis take parts of the territories split. They become week and ineffective. After death of Clovis it is worse.
Clovis (481-587)
First king. Very good at establishing rule. In war he defeated the Gauls. He constructed his rule on framework of Roman empire. Also the Visigoths he drove out. His kingdom was Christian. He made a close friend with the pope in Rome.
“do nothing kings”
Sons and grandsons of Clovis who rule the territories that fell apart. They were force to sign the edict of 614. Which gave rule to the “mayors of the palace”
“Mayors of the Palace”
They become the chiefs officials of Frankland (France). They Merovingians stay till 751 and then Pepin I comes along
Pepin I “The Short”
One of mayors of the palace. Shows forcefulness and organizational skills. Begins to organize Frankland under his rule. With the Pope’s blessing and his sons victory over Muslims he can now overthrow the “do nothing kings”. Many were assassinated. So the Frankland people are reunited. He will be a unifier, organizer. New dynasty will be born. The Carolingian dynasty. He was given a Christian corlination. Major achievements: First of the great Carolingian Dynasty. First to reciee a Christian cornination. First of military leader to establish relationship with Pope. He donated the papel lands to the church. (Known as The Vatican which is the church lands) dies in 768 in Frankland. He left two legitimate sons. One names Charles. One names Carolman.
Charles Martel
Illegitimate son of Pepin. (Pepin was illegitimate too actually)He led the Frankland army and defeated the Muslim army in Poitiers and halted Muslim advance into Europe. He is known as Charles the Hammer.
Lombards
They are invading parts of Italy and Pope needs Military assistance to drive them out so Pepin brings his army and drove them out except a small group that remained.(now the city Lombardy). Pepin was given the Protector of the Bishop of Rome. This angered the Byzantine Emperor in the east because it is seen as an infraction of their power since they did not come help because they were too far away.
Charles and Carolman
Sons of Pepin. Charles was a very powerful and impressive man. Very intimidating. He was very capable military leader. Good administrator. Well educated. Carolman was a sickly teen. Weak and unimpressive. After dad’s death until Carolman died a few years later. SO Charles is sole king of Empire. Known as Carolus Magnus of Charlemagne
Carolus Magnus (Charlemagne reigns 768-814)
Considered one of the most important individual to emerge during the middle ages. After collapse of the old Roman empire the framework still remains. The Roman roads existed that link empires. The postal system remains and he adapts those. The roman catholic church only truly organized body at this time. There was no network of command so he helps change this. Latin language displaced. Italian, French, Romanian, Spanish, Portuguese, German (Romance Languages). He loved to hunt. He loved beautiful women. He loved war. He had one wife. Three mistresses. Had a huge palace. He could read but could not write. He spoke Latin and some Greek. He prayed all the time to learn to write. He had one goal when he was crowned and that was to create a united Christian Europe. Under his reign the Frankland would grow. He Christianizes most of Europe. He did not conquer Britain. He tried to conquer Spain and was not able to. Established a Character of Europe (Western Europe). Magears (Hungary) tried to penetrate western Europe but he stopped them. Took lessons with Alcuin with his children to show how important it was.
Vernacular
Means language of the people. Replaces Latin. They retain Latin in services in rituals but that is it. Latin also used by scholars.
Monasteries
Remain sole centers of education and studies of classics. Priest, nuns and monks are most educated.
Saxony
Took Carolus Magnus a long time to conquer them but finally did. He had 2500 of them beheaded for holding out for so long. At sword point he said convert to Christianity or die. Those who converted he established a code of law to keep them straight and forced them to be obedient.
The Song of Roland
Poem about Carolus Magnus trying to conquer Spain but couldn’t.
Government and Law of Carolus Magnus
governed through his counts. (counties come from this). Each would govern a certain part of the kingdom known as counties. Had about 300 of them. From time to time he would shift around to different counties so they wouldn’t get to familiar with a certain place. Position of count becomes heredity over time. They begin to write down the law for the first time. There were old laws and new laws.
missi dominici
Messenger of the king. What the counts were known as. They would report to king and let him know how things were going. They were responsible only to him. They also close to Bishops.
Capitularies
New laws written by the counts.
Alcuin
Gifted educator, theologian, scholar. Brought from Britain to educate his people and his court. He I did this in the city of Aachen.
Pope Leo
Carolman crowned Carolus Augustus in 800. Some call this the revival of Europe because there is a close alliance of church and state. This set a precedent. It gives the pope the power to make and break kings. The Byzantine Emperors were horrified by this. He (carolus) would rule in this position for the next 14 years. Sometimes known as Grandfather of Europe cause of education to the arts and renaissance. He died in 814.
Louis the Pius
The son of carolus and was not a very good ruler. He was very religious. At his death he divided the kingdom between sons and grandsons which divided the kingdom again.
Treaty of Verdun
The kingdom comes back together with this treaty by year 911 there is no central government. It splits into small counties.
The Medieval Church
In 1517 everyone belong to the catholic church. Catholic means universal. Jews only exception to that. Those not apart were considered . There was absolutely not separation of church and state. The pope had no army. He was dependant on monarchs with army. He was never able to persuade them to allow him to have absolute rule though. Pope did have certain weapon s. He could keep the unruly monarch or army or nobleman in line.
Canon law
Everyone expected to obey this. It was church law. Everyone also paid a certain tax (offering, tithe)
Secular
This means not religious. The pope relying on monarchs for army help.
Excommunication
Pope had the power to do this. This was the worst thing that could be done to someone who was a Christian. It severs one relationship with God and church. It casts the human soul after death to damnation (hell). All sacraments are denied to that person. Noblemen could not become priests if they were. Most people in society would have nothing to do with you after.
Interdict
ONLY the pope could do this. This was renounced over an entire kingdom. Stops all church services in that kingdom. Church doors were not to be opened. This would also mean no marriages or holy communion. It normally wouldn’t take long for the king to get back in line and get his people under control after this.
Monasteries and convents
They begin to spring up all over Europe. M: for monks and priests. C: for nuns
St. Hilda (657)
Order of nuns. Known for its education of nurses and teachers and known as one of the best in the world.
Simony
Popes were practicing this sin. The buying and selling of church offices.
Benedictine Monks
Order of Monks. They were also devoted to education and making the best teachers, etc. Head up the reform movement when there is corruption in church.
Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085)
Also one of the leaders of the reform movement during church corruption.
College of Cardinals (1059)
Members of this body were appointed by the pope himself. These were men of talent and devotion and education. Very well education. They were devoted to Christianity and the church. In the future after this was established then the Pope was selected from these Cardinals only and nowhere else. They were all to meet in Rome if the Pope died and meet and elect the next pope.
Pope Leo IX
One of the greatest popes elected. The corruption seems to get much better under him.
Corruption in the church
Pope loses a lot of power because powerful kings and queens come about. Several of them charged with murder, arsines, insists, simony etc. We then see a reform movement. It starts in France.
Feudalism
There is no centralized government or control at this time so Feudalism is created. It was a social system that governed relationship between the nobility and freeman. It obtained to land, loyalty and administration to justice. The unfree people were not a member of this. This was members only society. Peasants have no say so in this society.
Serfs
Another word for peasant. Serfs means they are bound to the land. They have no part of this society.
Vassalage
It’s a mututal contract between the nobleman (lord and landowner) and the vassal. They can give him so much of the land and they would be responsible to the nobleman.
Vassal
The people who work for the nobleman. Some nobleman had hundreds of them. There was formal ceremony to seal this mutual tie. The vassals would get on their knees and nobleman would place hands on their shoulders and then have a little container of land form the land they were going to have and they were given this and then they would say an oath and be sworn in and then the contract was established.
Fealty
The vassalage contract also swears fealty. The vassal swears absolute loyalty to the nobleman. They may have to fight as an army to protect the land.
Investiture
The ceremony where vassal is sworn in. (See vassal)
Fief
The land given to the vassal. Over time the vassal and the fief become interlocked. So over time the noble may die so the son would inherit. And then if the vassal died too then they would get the land their father had.
Relief
Tax paid when the land is inherited.
Escheat
If a vassal dies and has no heir then the nobleman gets that land back again. He can then give it out again if he wants.
Ward
The son of a nobleman that was underage (under 18) They were called ward. There would be a wardship worked out to be a ward or godfather and he would administer is land until he became of age.
Subinfeudation
IF a vassal can’t manage his land on his own he can split up his land and lend it out to others to help him manage it. These people would be subvassals. The vassal can then make a little money too. The problem with this is that the noble has no control over these subvassals so the control over his vassal would have to be stronger.
Aid
The vassals have to give aid to the lord Both parties have obligations to each other. If vassals are in trouble (maybe getting raided) then the lord must give them military protection. Hey also have to administer justice to the vassals. The vassals have to be armed and ready to fight. Must lend aid
Incidental Aids
Ransom is an example. Then the vassals have to raise the money for the lords release. Another would be knighthood. The vassals eldest son would be trained by the nobleman in weaponry and horseback riding skill, etc. The vassal would pay the nobleman to do this. Then he would be knighted by the noble. Another is the marriage of the nobleman’s eldest daughter. All the vassals had to pay for the wedding and celebration.
Primogeniture
If the nobleman was killed then the oldest son would automatically inherit. This is called primogeniture which also means the inherited tax wouldn’t have to be paid
The Manor
The land that the nobleman owns with his castle on it. The center of all the land holdings.
Manoralism
The system that revolves with structures to live in etc. Vassals would also begin to construct houses for themselves.
Code of Chivalry
Knighthood becomes the goal of every ambitious young man. He would be taught manners. How to greet a young lady. They would ask the lady for a piece of their clothing to honor them in battle. They were also well educated by the priest and clergy for knighthood. When adopted into knighthood he was granted a Code of Chivalry where you promised bravery, courtesy, loyalty, honesty and obedience to God. (they would help damsels in distress)
Scutage
When vassals do not want to manage land anymore then they can pay money (a scutage) to others to work it for them.
Duties of Lord (nobleman) and vassal
parties have obligations to each other. If vassals are in trouble (maybe getting raided) then the lord must give them military protection. Hey also have to administer justice to the vassals. The vassals have to be armed and ready to fight. Must lend aid. The subvassals also have to help vassals. They all have fealty (which is loyalty). They all must also promise counsel. The vassals must make up a jury as the lord administers justice to the lands. Traditional duties of the vassals: 1. Hospitality. They are required to play hosts to the nobleman and feed and booze and lodge him if on their land. 2. Warfare. Required to go and fight in case of war.
Feudalism Tournaments
There would be hand to hand combat. Most of the time just for sport but a lot of time got very brutal. If the nobleman was killed then the oldest son would automatically inherit. This is called primogeniture which also means the inherited tax wouldn’t have to be paid. 90% of people in this system were vassals.
Peasants in Feudalism
The peasants and servants could not fish or hunt the land. Only what was given to them by the vassals was theirs. They lived Uncomfortably in grass and mud huts. Did not bathe often.
Windmills
Begin to see more windmills. They were used to grind wheat. Or pump water. We see the plow introduced for better farming.
Extra Feudalism info
Central governments begin to develop. Feudalism lasts well into the 14th century.
Cathedral Schools
Begin to develop in the 11th and 12th century. The are forerunners to the university. The church had a monopoly on the educational system. The priests and nuns were taught how to teach. They fostered learning and a good education. They teach education and the basics and also merge into medical schools and law schools. They are not just reading and writing. They are much higher learning now. The priest and nuns had to have a license so teach. Books are rare because to printing press yet. Books all hand written. Most exams would be oral. Most were classroom intellesctual discussions. The people were devoed to being educated.
Culture in the Middle ages
Gothic Architecture, Notre Dame, Stained Glass,
Stained glass
also used in these churches. They were massive biblical scenes. They were meant for the illiterate.
Notre Dame
(Means our lady: devoted to Mary) Cathedral is the most popular known today.
Gothic Architecture
In the arts int eh middle ages we see architectural simulations and emerging. One is called gothic architecture. Sometimes marked by gargoils and large pointed windows. High rising towers. The higher the better. They wanted you to draw your eyes to heaven.
The Rise of towns
First order: clergy (those who pray) second: nobility (those who fight) third: those who work. Central turning point is when invading people stop invading and its safer to farm and settle, etc. We see increase in life expectancy as well. So strong population growth. Which means more food. So more farms develop. Allt his is drivin by trade. But this is turning into a cash society because people want money. Commercial cities begin to develop. Cities begin to specialize in certain products ex: France for their wine. Luxury goods come in from the east like silk from China and spices form Far East and soap sent in also. People begin to understand hygiene. This creates a strong sense of supply and demand.
Divine Right Monarchy
Used to give the kings and ruling nobles of Europe great authority. They used theology to support their position. Absolutism. Kings with this authority become center of all government authority. Order: God, Angel, Saints, Pope, King.
bourgs, burgh, burg
France call towns bourgs. England called them burg. Germany call them burg. Bourgeois were the governing body.
Guilds
As towns develop the people for guilds. Something like unions. They protect business owners from unfair competition to fix a price and be fair competition. If a man moved in he would have to agree that whatever he sold it would not put the other man out of business. Also protected them with the courts of the law. Many craftsmen join these
Charters
King issued these to towns and giving them to title of townspeople. The charter could sell things such as barns, etc. They could begin to sue. We begin to see a body of commercial law specifically for merchants and the merchandise. Industry begins to develop. Tanneries (sure leather hides) develop. Enterprise is entering the market place. Profit is what they are trying to obtain. People would bring their goods to sell. We begin to see banking institutions. The use of a bank check also. Too much money means robbery so bank is good.
Barter
Trading goods for goods or service for good. This becomes a things of the past. But people really just want cash. The landowners want money. Serfdom is still in place but they could buy their freedom so they want cash as well.
Fair
Weekend event. Also shopping center and market place.
"put out system"
Begins to grow and spread. Business men would come to women and want them to meet a quota and make so many pieces of clothing by a certain day.
Plow
Made of iron that can dig deeper. Horse begin to pull plows.
Windmills and gears
By 13th century we see windmills and gears to drive these windmills. They were used to grind corn into mill and wheat into flour. Also used to pump water.
Women during the rise of towns
Women now respected. More so by husbands and men of the town and city. Highly regarded role as a women. Virginity was glorified and expected by women until marriage. Peasants were seen as partners to their husbands. They sheared the work load. They bore and raised children. They were seamstresses. Kept the house. A cottage industry begins. Making clothes, etc. Chivalry glorifies women. Women are seen as the gentle class. They have little or no role in the Catholic church until the emerging of nuns. Business women are beginning to control more wealth also. Education becomes available beyond sewing and crafts, etc. Upper class had more opportunity than those of lower.
dowry
Still required this to attract a man.
Medieval English State
5th century. Rome begins to withdraw legions from England. This means Germans and Danish to migrate across channel to England. For northern Germany the Saxons will go and settle in England. From Denmark it will be the Angles. They will form the Anglo Saxon Race. By 11trh century all is Christianized. St. Patrick drove everyone else out. The Danes make important inrodes on coast of France. They are the northmen. From Norway (Scandinavia) King Canute we see him become king of England. He was King of Denakr and Norway already.
King Canute
He allied with the church making him very powerful. He also brings Christianity to all of Scandinavia. He died in 1035. No one to take over. They fall into sectional war. He is then followed by Edward the Successor. He was very pious. He was very unsuccessful.
King Harold
In 1066 King Edwards brother in law he followed him.
WiIlliam, Duke of Normandy
Lives across the English channel. Claimed English thrown and pope said this was ok. Very powerful.
Norman Conquest
1066 Normans invade English. William is seen as one of the most effective leaders in Europe thus far. He fostered trade and building and education of his people. They defeat King Harold in 1066. SO William crowned King of England on Christmas day in 1066. All of this battle is depicted in a famous tapestry. (Bayeux Tapestry) Build first castles in England. They enforce roman law and justice. The Saxons become underdog. They are second class citizens.
Bayeux Tapestry
Took many women to make. In England now. Depicts Norman Conquest Battle
Feudalism in England
William establishes this. People become vassals. All of these barons swear their allegiance to William called the Salisbury Oaths. He builds this system into the Anglo-Saxon system.
Salisbury Oaths (1086)
All of these barons (vassals in England) swear their allegiance to William
Shires and Hundreds
The shire is the governing system (like counties) already in place under anglo. The hundreds are smaller towns in the shire.
Anglo-Saxon Law
Believed that God made all law and this Shire-Reeve (would help keep the law. The word sheriff would come from this. Kept order in town and country side). Was not necessary. Law was custom of people. Declared in open courts with trials by juries and was handed down by generations.
Curia Regis (the king’s court)
William establishes this. Met three times a year to hear the ranking ability. This is recognized as the high court of England. Lower courts were for everyone else. 1086 William ordered for everything to be counted. EVERYTHING. He thought everything belonged to the crown. Animals, wagons, pigs, people, timber, land, forest, houses, windmills, etc.
Doomsday Book
Estimated of land holdings of the king. He tax everything he counted. Recorded in two volumes. William the conqueror led a geld which is an annual tax. He died in 1087.
Henry I
Succeeded William. He was the youngest of the sons. Henry only had one sona dn he drowned
itinerant justices
Kings’ justices. Went from location to location administration common law of England. (today we call them circuit justices)
Exchequer
Handled all revenues and expenses. Treasury of England.
Chancery
Also established this office. King’s secretary. Also adminster king’s council.
Henry II
Grandson of William the conqueror. He establishes a brand new dynasty. Married one of most powerful women of that time (Elenor of Aquitaine) Brilliant an dpowerful ruler. He wanted two thigns out of England: raise more money (went to war with France over money) and wanted growth and stability. He established englsih law making it equal to every citizen in England..
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Had marriage from King Louis annulled and married Henry II and bore him three sons. (Richard the Lion heart, John and Jeffrey
Jury of Presentment
Henry II created a Jury of Presentment to keep the accused of falling through the crack. Its like a Jury of Indictment.
Common Law
Common law to English people. Equal for all people.
Thomas Becket (Archbishop of Canterbury)
Highest religious office in England. He appointed Becket because he thought he would do what he was told and leave religion out of politics. But Henry lost this fight. He could not interfere with church law (Canon Law).
King John
Richard succeeded Henry II for ten years (1189-1199) He only spent ten years in England. He spent most of his time on the Crusades and he appointed a council to rule when he was gone. He continued to fight France. While he was gone John plotted and stole the thrown from Richard. He was the worst ruler. He was a ruthless ruler. Richard was killed and he came to thrown permanently. The religious issue continued and took church property. His nobility rose up against him and the people rose up against him and he signed the magna carta
Magna Carta
Means “great charter” in latin. Says: King was subject to law just like every other citizen. This law ans civil rights could be enforced if necessary. It equals to constitutionalism. A person could not be deprive their life liberty or property without trail by peers (called due process). King could not collect taxes o revenue without approval of people. This leads to Representative government. It also evolves to civil rights in England.
Runnymede (1215)
Where Magna Carta was signed.
Russia
Viking King Oleg, The Rus, Slavic People
The Crusades
Means to take up the cross. Holy wars with Christianity vs. Muslim. What Christians called the holy land the Holy Pilgramages were allowed there. (Nazareth, Jureleseum, etc.) The people thought these visits would allow god to forgive them of sins. Palastine. Nazareth, Jeruseulem, etc. They were dependant on good relationships between Christians and Muslims. In 11th centery thigns change. It is not safe for Christisians to visit holy land. Byzantine empire there is trouble too. Muslim fighting them over relgion too. 1.Holy Pilgrimage
Holy Relics
They try to find bones from people. Wood from the original cross. Etc
Seljuk Turks
Pushed westward towards Persia.
Battle of Manzikert (1071)
Byzantine armies (Christians) were defeted by turks and access to the holy land was cut off
Asia Minor
All of this and jeruselem was conquered by Turks also.
Alexius I
Asked pope for help and Christian church of Europe to help reclaim the holy land.
Pope Urban II
First to clal for thses crusades. If they died in battle they would die a hero’s death. Thousands of people came to the aid of the pope. Some untrained. Some are. IN 1098 there is a first crusade. Edessa is established. Antioch and Tirpoli and Jerusalem are next and they are all bases for Christian armis (they are the crusade states) State of Edessa later falls to Musisms again and then Jerusalem does also.
Saladin
Muslim leader. Brilliant leader. Used diplomacy and formed treaty that alloed Christians to safely visit jerulelam.
"Crusades of Kings
This is an attempt to retake Jerusalem. Richard the Lion heart was part of this also. They conquer the seaport of Acre but Jerulsalem could not be taken.
Pope Innocent II
Called for the fourth crusade. Saladin treaty had fallen apart. Christian armies not as organized.
Venetians (Venice)
Come to help Christians and retake the city of Zara which is an important ciry for trade but then they destroy it and that is a mistake. Instead of going on to the holy land to take it they attack the city of COnstinople which is another mistake btu they needed food so they attack byzantine army so you have Christian fighting Christian. In 1204 the city falls to the crusaders. They want a latin leader on the thrown then.
Crusades extra info
Good and bad come from the wars. They realize each other are not savages and it opens up the war between the two. They come to work together.
In 1354 we see ottoman Turks and then we finally see the final collasp of the Christian empire to the turks.
Hundreds Years War
Between France and England. The nobility of both are taken advantage. Using private armies to win control of countryside, etc. Traditional royaltiy is leaving by this time. Uncertainity and stability is on everyone’s minds. Wars are breaking out. Life for peasant is very harsh in this time.
"power politics"
We are using strong well trained armies that were very equipt to challenge the nobilyt of Europe.
Great Famine (1315-1317) (1330s and 1340s)
Not enough food is beign grown. Population were under nurtioused.
The Black Death (1347-1351)
Plagues most of Europe. It is the Bubonic Plague.
Bubonic Plague
Spread by the flea that would attatch to the rats. And then get into people’s homes, etc and then would attatch to human. They would then cough and sneeze and it spreads fast. The symptoms were deadly. The lymphnodes would swell to size of orange and busrt. They would only live about five days once getting it. The pain was so intense patients who were in comas would wake up. It would cause internal bleeding. High fever. Black urine. Uncontrolled movement of bowels. Very few survived it. Associated with Mongols coming from Asia. They believe they brought it with them. They traveled on horseback and the fleas probably got on them. China was the first outbreak in 1331. Cities and urban areas were more infected because people over crowded and lack of trash pick up and no sanitary. People begin to react. They are five years away form germ theory.
Pandemic
very wide spread
Astral, Environmental, Spiritual
Astral Theory (alignment of stars) Environmental theory that earthquakes released gas to make sick. Spiritual theory that god punishing people who sinned. Some thought Jewish caused it so the outbreak out anti-Semitism started as well. Muslims and Christians begin to blame each other.
Miasma
Stars form deadly gas so they think this was the cause of the plague
Medieval Holocaust (pg 341)
Anti-Semitism
Demographics
The demographics of Europe changes when plague ends in 1340. 90 percent of the cities are wiped out. Many whole villages disappear. Cities greatly affected. 1/3 (25 million) people die from the plague. Fewer workers needed so better wages. Doctors begin to study at universities for cures for these disease. Medical writing are written in other language besides just Latin. Barber surgeons. The Barber pole: bloody rag on pole and wind blow and now barber striped pole.
Quarantine
Healthy do not go into are with sick people so it is more controlled.
apothecaries
Places where you could go and by remedies. Most were herbal and potions, etc. Study for more treatments continues. Cemeteries also evolve to bury dead.
14th Century Crisis
World was terrifying place. The plague erupts again in 1388 and 1390. The hundred year war comes to an end finally. Gun powder form china is brought. Military more advance. Soldiers now dying in higher numbers. Modern era develops.
English Culture
The Canterbury Tales, Beowulf, Tales of Chilvary
The Canterbury Tales
Group of people go on a pilgrimage to visit the tomb of Becket.
Geoffrey Chaucer
Wrote Canterbury Tales
Beowulf
Poem, 3200 lines, author is unknown, written around year 1000, good source to refer to middle ages, primarily a Christian thought
Tales of Chilvary
Promoted by queen
Carolingian Empire (843)
Split into three kingdoms. Aquitaine was owned by queen Elenor of England. Last of the kings died in 987. Other turns into France. ?
Elected him once other kings die.
Hugh Capet
Philip II Augustus (1180-1223)
First of French kings to go to war with England. He extends French control over lands that was claimed by England. Such as Normandy. He wanted to reclaim the French lands claimed by England. He quadrupled the land that France owned.
Phillip IV (1285-1314)
Continued to grow the French kingdom through war and marraige. He establishes the French parliament.
The Estates General
The French parliament (representative body) Divided into three states: 1. Clergy 2. Nobility 3. Everyone else. They had little power at first but then it grew. He could be summoned and dismissed it by the king himself at anytime. The real work of them will begin in 1789 with the French Revolution. By end of 13th century France was by far the wealthiest and most powerful. Its primarily rival will still be England.
The Renaissance
the word means rebirth. Designate Europe from middle ages to modern era. Period of great rebirth. Economic growth, etc. Great reinterest in the classics and intellectual persuits. Begins in the Italian states. It will spread through much of Europe. Did not reach Russia. 19th century designation. Entirely different attitude. The focus was on religion. Everything you did was fro god but this changes during the renaissance. Art and growth and architecture time. Sistine Chapel in St. Peter’s Basilica was a great achievement in architecture.
Martin Luther
led reformation, began in german states. Prominent middle class family father was in the mining business, he was intellectually brilliant, gifted and a very devout catholic. His father had sent him to law school at univ, of germany in Erfurt, he had no desore to be an attorney but while at college he had a very vivid religious experience, on the way to class got caught in a severe thunderstorm, he called on his patron st anne for help, he vowed if life was spared he would become a monk, and he had always wanted to be a monk. He dropped out of school against his fathers wishes and joined a religious order, order of st Augustine, became an ordanined preist , suffered from extreme awareness of sin, thought he was unworthy, considered himself doomed to hell no matter what he did and that even gods forgivness couldn’t save him, he earned his doctorate in divinity, began his own personal search for his understanding of the scriptures, for his own self satisfaction to overcome doubts about his faith. Around 1514 he had another religious revelation and was convinced that one is saved by faith alone and not good works, salvation by gods good grace cured him from many self doubts. His convictions now conflict with the roman catholic church, the revolt will begin with one primary pbjection of catholic church, the sale of indulgences, he thought this was a strong violation of biblical teachings, if granted indulgence required to do strong penance to pray for forgivness. Originally meant for soldiers, and travelers with no access to preist, church was abusing these however.
John Tetzek
monk and seller of indulgences from time to time trying to raise money to rebuild st, peters basilica. He was even selling indulgences for sins not yet committed and for dead ancestors
Ninety Five Theses
martin luther wrote them they were points he wanted to debate with clergy, he nailed them to church door, his primary concern was that the pope be made aware of the preists that were doing it, primarily Tetzel. Written in latin, translated into vernacular german and printing press debuted and allowed them to be widely distributed to all of germany for everyone to read and be made aware, luther began debates.
Pope Leo X
The pope issusedd a document that condemned luther’s teachings and he was ordered to be excommunicated for sin of heresy, when received it he burned it,
Imperial Diet
he was next called before imperial diet, representative body of germany, by Charles X , luther told them they have proved nothing to his satisfaction and that he had not written against bible itself, just different interpretations
Fredrick the Wise
was of german state of saxony, arranged a “kidnapping” of luther, taken into protective custody and luther goes into a long period fo seclusion hiding and protection, luters underground period, drops out from all public appearences, very important period he translates the bible from latin into german. He did extensive religious writings of his studies, writes many religious hymns, “a mighty fortress is our lord”. Once again convinced that one is saved by faith alone. Lutheranism is born, his first church is in saxony , he marries a former nun
What Luther did
• He wanted reform, no intention fo breaking with catholic church
• One of the primary doctrines was the basis of faith alone, not good works
• Religion should be wstablished on firm understanding of Christian bible and gospels
• Bible only gave authority to two sacrements , baptism and holy communion , opposed to seven in catholic church
• Did away with monasteries and use of candles in church
• Break is complete in germany and Lutheran state is established in germany
Luther Political Signifigance
• Broke unquestioned authority of catholic church
• Charles X was not stong enough to suppress ones religion
• Becomes popular attracting many believers
• Spreads into Holland, Belgium, luxenborg
• Will never replace strong catholic beliefs in Portugal, spain, Ireland, Italy
• Will go into Denmark , Norway, and Sweden
• War breaks out over issue in germany
Why Luther Successful
• Appeal to many believers
• Attracted great following
• See growth of debate of humanism begin to spread and take hold
• Improvement of literacy
• Bible became widely read since translated
• Luther had been protected when underground which gave him time to prepare
• There was no organized catholic opposition to him, if there was he might of not been as successful as he was
• The printing press is making literature widely available
Peace of Augsburg
established that ruler can establish religion in that state, if leader was protestant they were required to tolerate catholic subjects and visa verca, religious tolerance. Makes Lutheranism legal in germany and permanent
Lutherism
Luther never had any intention of breaking form the catholic church he just wanted to see reform. He broke 1520 years of faith. Good works but faith gets you to hevean. Undertsand of the bible and gospils was important. Only two sacraments: baptism and holy communion. Lutherism throughout ordination of priest. Holy communion be available to all. He did away with monestaries, the use of candles in church, etc. The beak formt he church is complete at this time. Lutherism is now permently establishe din germany. It broke the unquestioned authority of catholic church. Catholic was not strong enough to suppress one’s religion. It attracks many followers. It will spread into Hoolan, Belgium, Luxemburg but it wil never reach portugaul, spain, Ireland, Italy, etc. they are too strong. It will go into Scandinavian , Norway denmakr and Sweden. We see a war break out over this issue in Germany. The peace of Oxford Germany ends this war. This treaty emerges particularism (many states, many princes, many beliefs) that establishes that the ruler could establish the relgion of that particular state in germany. If believer was Luther than they still had to tolerate catholic believers. Lutherism is now legal.
Fredrick the Wise Continued
From Saxony. Arranged the kidnapping of Luther (he wasn’t really). Luther goes into a long hiding and protection and seclusion. This if his “underground life”. This period of his life is very important. He translates the bible from latin to german. He did extensive writing of his studies. He writes many hymns such as a mighty fortress is our lord. Everythign he wrote was translated from his interpretation of scripture. Luther believes one if saved by faith alone and the faith of lutherism is born. He founded his first church later in Saxony. He also takes a wife (a former nun).
John Calvin
led reformation in Switzerland he converted to Calvinism, another protestant faith, another calm logical reasonable individual studying scripture. Luther opened door to other interpretations of scriptures
Huguenots
Followers of Calvin
John Knox
Founded relgion of Presbyterianism. This belief was in Scotland. He fell iunder heavy persecution nd fled to Geneva for protection. Calvinism will be one of the primarily tenants in presbytarian. English providences were also attracted to this faith. This people continue to be persecuted under wueen mary (bloody mary). Calvin will write Institues of Christian Relgion which is a great contribution of pordestant relgion. It establishes calvin as one of great prodestant reformers. founded Presbyterianism , origins in Scotland, he fled to geneva for protection after under persection. Borrowed a lot of calvins teachings.
Calvinism
opposed to sale of indulgences. Believes luther was too passive in approach. But this faith was very active. He believed in justification by faith. The doctrine of predestination they differed on. Only a certain number of people are destined for salvation. He believed this and luther did not. He called these people the electe of god. All this is in the institutes that he wrote. The chosen ones would reach salvation dn others would not. People didn’t know if they were chosen or if they were not. Luther said how do we know and calvin said god would know and good works would help you be one. But luther still belived in faith.
Predestination
only a certain number of individuals are destined for salvation, called the elect of god, the chosen ones would reach salvation, luther posed question how do we know who the elect is. And he replied god would know and good works would determine
Geneva
John Calvin and Calvinism in Switizerland. Followers aer known as Hugenots. People fleeing persecutioncalvins work was done, devout protestant and reformer, turned it into a city of god. Calvinism was widely accepted in Switzerland, left france for that reason. , became haven for those fleeing catholism
Future of Prodestanism
Around 1600 was fragmentation. This faith will break into many domination. More and more people reading the bibles and more translatiosn of scriptures. (Methodist, episcipalian, etc.)
English Reformation
Led by King Henry VIII of England. (1491-1547) Second in the Tudor Dynasty. He wanted to divroce his queen Catherine of Arragan. She was princess of Spain. She was very powerful. Daughter of King Fernadan and Queen Isabella. She was not able to give him a male aire. Hey believed it was her fault. He thought it was unholy for a women to rule as well. He is ruling a great catholic England and he asks the pope for a divorce from her. He wanted him to annul his marriage. He demanded it. Because she was his brothers widow. (Prince Author) He belived it was going against scripute. Pope did not agree and it never took place.
Catholic Reformation
Finally decide they need to reform some things.
Ignatius Loyola is a spainard and founds an oder of priest known as the Jesuits which means the society of jesus and these new priests are extremely wel educated. They also begin to reform the teachings of the church. They call themselves the soldiers of Christ. The church finally breaks up and agrees that the the great tool is education to teach others about catholica faith. Council of Trent is reform council churchwide catholic to address reform monk=vements of catholic faith. It was reaffirmed that catholic faith was given to us by jesus Christ. There could be no compromise with them. Out of council the abuses that have been addressed by reformers are corrected. Worldy attraction was stopped. It stopped the spread of the prdestant faith. It is permantly split and prodestant natiosn begin to form (Baptist, etc.)
Henry VII
second of great tudor dynasty, wants a divorce, ruling very catholic England, first demanded annulment because she was his brothers widow. Annulment never took place, he took a mistress, anne Boleyn, notorious womanizer, had children out of wedlock. He then takes 6 wives and gets a son out of the 3rd one who was sickly and only lived till age 14. Henry 8th confiscated all church lands in England and took all of their property, all religious houses in England are now closed.
Catherine of arragon
henrys wife, very powerful princess of spain, and daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. She was not able to give him a male heir
Anne Boleyn (1507-1536)-
his mistress, wanted to marry her. Catherine was exiled into southern England with her court and henry ordered the English parliament appointed himself head of church in England which was illegal and the pope excommunicated henry VIII. He finally married her she was already pregnant with their child and will give him another daughter, Elizabeth I. she had his red hair and his temperament. Anne could never bear him a son, he had her condemned of adultery and had her behedded.
Act of Supremacy
And oath was circulated for all of nobility to sign saying he was defender of faith in England of you were behedded
Anglican
protestant faith was led by because henry viii wanted male heir. Will makes way to America during bloody marys throne after henrys death , she restablished catholic faith in England. Lost head if didn’t follow catholic faith. Elizabeth came to throne after mary and was great leader in history.