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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Middle Ages
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All technology disappears
(sanitation, plumbing, etc) |
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Middle Ages Themes
3 Surviving Orders |
1. Clergy
2. Nobility 3. Everyone Else |
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Clergy
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Those who prayed
-Roman catholic church was absolute -bishope of Rome was Pope |
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Nobility
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Those who fight
-local territorial leaders -eventually conquer more & more people -origins of nations like Birtain & France |
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Everyone Else
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Those who worked
-tied down to one job/territory -join church in order to rise out of being commoner |
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Major Themes
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1. Growth in Authority in Kings
2. Growth in Authority of Common People |
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Growth in Authority of Kings
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-took power by Divine Right: Theology is used to back up authority
-King, Clergy, Nobility, Common People -Not an "absolute" ruler |
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Growth in Authority of Common People
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-later Middle Ages (1100's)
-invasion from Nors/Vikings which make them look past their cities -population -economic opportunity: people being to trade again and we begin to see a middle class emerge |
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Charlemagne
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-King of the Frankss
-claimed territory from France to Britain -Pepit was his father which gave him the Divine Right to rule over the Franks -begins a great expansion (conquers Denmark, Czech Republic, and Italy) -Christmas Day 800: Pope Leo III crowns him as Roman Emperor -Upon his death his attempt of unification collapses except for leadership -"Father of Modern Europe/ Germany/French" -Est French Royalty |
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Norseman Invasion
820-900 |
-Skilled Sailors/ Warriors
-From Scandinavian Countries -stable population group -Percieved as "giants" because of military tactics -looking for farmland Why did the invade? -looking for farmland -political reasons: could choose to conquer -extinction: would take a village of women away in order to keep their civilization |
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Europe in 1000CE
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1. Anglo Saxons
-have established monarchy in England 2. France -elected Kings from Nobles -Would pick the "weakest" noble to be King 3. Germany -saxony 4. Remainder was an anarchy |
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Feudalism
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A system to maintain order
-Feudal Lord -Vassals -Feudal Contract |
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Feudal Lord
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-came from the Franks
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Vassals
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-must offer services to Lord in exchange for protection from Lord
-Often looking for services in warfare -Benfice: Lord rents out land; eventually changed to a fife; land would be herditary -people began to give themselves surnames based on their occupations |
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Feudal Contract
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-must pledge loyalty to King once a year
-done in a investuffe ceremony -escheat: clause that said if you died and had nobody to give fife then it would be given back |
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Manor System
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-"Feudalism for upperclass"
1. Crop Rotation Practiced 2. 1/4 or 1/3 of land would be held for an entire manor 3. Tenants responsible for tending to the Kings land 4. subsitancy level: producing enough money to live but not to flourish B. Serfs -hereditary labor class -not a slave; free to go |
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Difference Between Feudalism & Manoralism
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1. Feudalism
-delt with the military 2. Manoralism -agriculture & other services (localized) -same concept but for different people -british isles had been immune to this |
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Norman Conquest of England
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William Duke of Normandy
"William The Bastard" -est. himself on coast of Normandy -astute military commander -kept close eye on feudal contract -close eye across english channel **OCT 6,1066** Battle of Hastings -second person that has successfully invaded England -various wars in order to push king out of England/ considers all of England his property His Property 1. 1/6 of England is his (Royal) 2. 1/2 Given to Fiefs (Nobles) 3. 1/4 Church Properties -Does a massive inventory of the entire country (Doomsday Book) which has become primary source of Medieval times; purpose was taxation -Est a massive castle building program to those of who he approves -Established Latin as official language -No private wars -Est. sytem of coinage -Est council of Nobles: one day becomes the England Parliament (Group of nobleman that are advisors to King) -takes Legitimate Queen of England & has three sons 1. First son: Normandy 2. Second son: England 3. Third Son (Henry I): Lots of Money ( Left with Everything) |
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Battle of Hasting
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OCT 6, 1066
-Settled conquest of Englad by Normandy (decided in one day) -12.25.1066 William I becomes King of England ("The Conquerer") |
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Primaseatre
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If you are the oldest son you get everything when your parents died
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Bayeux Tapestry
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Hung in the Walls of Normandy; piece of artwork that explained conquest of England
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Henry I
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Youngest son of William the Conquerer
1.Rules from 1100-1135 2.Wants to Establish some type of Revenue -Revenue is generated from taxes -Taxes based on Doomsday Book -EXCHEQUER: responsible for the Kings bank account (Chancellor of the exchequer) -Same system England uses today 3. Scutage (shield cash) way for King ot tax nobles in order to get out of military service: used by every King in england till the end of Feudalism |
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Henry II
1154-1189 |
Grandson of Henry I (only had daughters)
-Before his rule their is a 20 year civil war; england is an anarchy during this period -1100 castles are destroyed 3. Establishes Common Law: the base of Law system in most of the Western Hemisphere -"trial by law/jury" -starts Writ of Arrest, Habeus Corpus, Circuit Court 4. Had a "wondering eye" in Marriage -Eleanor of Aquataine: first wife (allowed out of castle to go to church twice a year) Sons 1. John: King John after Richard -Weak tries to establish absolutism -Robin Hood -1st that must sign Magna Carta(limits the King) 2. Richard(son): becomes king |
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Magna Carta
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many see it as the beginning of change from monarchy to democracy
-limits the King |
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Agriculture
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- Invention of wheel barrow
- increases productivity of one person -horse shoes, horse drawn plows & collars |
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Mechanical Science
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-Compass
-Clocks |
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Mathmatics
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-switched to Arabic #'s rather than Roman Numerals
-some came up with the concept of zero |
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Other Technological Advances
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-Buttons
-Eyeglasses -Soap |
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Literature
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1. Beowulf
2. Divine Comedy: descent from heaven to hell and back up again; first time a huge piece of literature not written in Latin but instead Italian -Beginning of Romantic languages |
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The Crusades
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-First time in history a war between Muslims & Christians
-Christian pilgrims make pilgrimage to places described in bible (Jerusalem final destination) -Hakim: massive war; completes conquest in Middle East; results in complete ban from Christian & Muslim Pilgrims First Crusade 1095 -Pope goes to King of England and asks him to repopen the holy land & promises they would go to Heaven -military pilgrimage to reopen holy land -all of them are failures (10 in total; and one led by children) Last Crusade 1270 -Important that they are exposed to culture of the East -1300s access to Holy Land is reopened |
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Crusader States
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-The states the crusades got at times
1. Israel 2. Tripoli 3. Lebanon 4. Anitoch -captured and held by christians |
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Byzantinian Empire
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-tension between West & East Christians
-Constaniople briefly sacked by France |
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Hospitliers & Knight Templer (Hired Knights)
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-Were escorters to try to get Crusaders to Holy Land
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Bubonic Plague
"Black Death" |
1. From 1290 -1300s Population Drops
-lost of life in crusades -death in 100 yr war -Massive Crop failure & Drought (famine, "mini ice age, infant mortality at 55%) 2. Two Major Waves a. 1347 to 1351 b. 1360 to 1390 -Estimated to kill 1/3 to 1/2 of Europes Population -Comes from trade from Asia or China -Passes from Rats to fleas to humans First Strikes Italy |
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Bubonic Plague Symptoms
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-3 to 5 days after being bit you would develop flu like symptoms, then sores would pop up.
-Organ failure and then you would die from suffocation "Ring around the Rosie" |
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100 Years War
Outbreak 1337 |
-Succession crisis between French & English
-France dealing with empty throne after the line of the Catlians |
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Edward III
100 Years War |
-King of England
-Nephew of previously deceased King of France -Calais: narrowest part at english channel -Constant fighting in order to gain control of the edge of Normandy -english still had territorial control of France's country |
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English Long Bow
100 Years War |
-Could shoot about 1000 ft away; took someone with muscle
-english didnt use much armor; french used armor and rode on horseback (disadvantage) -Chain mall: causes weapons to glance off; very tough & lighter than suit of armor |
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Joan of Arc
100 Years War |
-becomes one of the most efficient generals
-commoner who recieves devine message from god & is given the right by the King for her to be the England General -turned over and accused for witch craft because they said there was no way a woman could accomplish all that. Burned at stake. |
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Henry IV (English) & Charles VI (French)
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- met in order to end fighting
- Treaty of Troyes: settlement of all peace finally concludes business; The english recognize the French King -Allows for bloodless dialogue to occur over settling the land -1453: English are only left with only city of Calait |
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The Renaissance
1300s - 1500s |
-Italy is Birthplace
Artistic/Culture Movement: demphasizes religion & brings secular and more worldly peaces also includes scientific endeavor Economic/Social & Political: people being to think about capitalism, King becomes more of a partner In Two Regions -Holy Roman Empire (Germany): Reformation is born here -Italy |
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Enlightened People
-The Renaissance |
Individualism
Secular Revival of Classical Learning |
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Thinkers of this Time
The Renaissance |
1. Sir Thomas Moore
-Court official for King Henry VIII -Wrote Utopia ( a persons dominant pursuit in life is education & cultural ) 2. The Prince by Michiavelli -Do the ends justify the means -strength view pint, very individualistic 3. Leonardo Divinci -True example of what renaissance man was (Well rounded) -Artist -Musician -Philosopher -Scientist -Sculptor -Musician Donatello -Artist -Sculptor Architecture -Houses instead of Castles -Bridge to Modern Period Donatello |
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Protestant Reformation
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-Christianity breaks into a pleathora of denominations
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Martin Luther
Protestant Reformation |
-Knew about Columbus discovering New World
-lived in Holy Roman Empire -Catholic Monk serving at University of Wittenburg -Agitated with the priest and their openness with sex and many ways/ also with indulgences -Oct 31, 1517: Allow Lew nobleman (secular person) to sell indulgences -Forms first catholic & christian blend called Lutherism (in or around Germany) |
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Indulgence
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-bought a piece of paper to forgive you for sins; usually money not given to charity
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95 Thesis
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On door of church; openly questions the supremacy of Pope
-Martin Luther is excommunicated |
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John Calvin
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laywer by trade
-goes back to early blend of Christianity called Predestination -centers movement at city of Genova -Calvinism plays a big role in shaping church of england |
