World Civ Exam 3

Front 1

Genghis Khan

Back 1

-In Mongolia, the east and west tribes feared one another until Genghis Khan rose to power and united the nation, believing that there should be one sovereign on Earth, like one God in heaven, and mobilized the people into an army.
-Khan invited “sage men” to assist him in his rule
- Khan desired eternal life
- Khan’s legacy endured well past his death in 1227, and he is still revered today.

Front 2

Mongol Empire

Back 2

-The Mongolian empire spread to become the hugest in fifty years, and remains the longest continuous land empire to this day.

Front 3

Mongol Army (describe)

Back 3

- well-suited to a life of war, being nomads who did not rely on the land for food. They were a highly disciplined army that used psychological warfare, spreading rumors about their might prior to their arrival, and those they subjugated referred to them as “inhuman” because of their extreme violence and fervor.

Front 4

Mongol Peace

Back 4

- . In Central Asia, Khan’s influence led to peace and order

Front 5

Mongol Highway

Back 5

-The introduction of new highways allowed for more trade. Merchants flourished,

Front 6

Post Stations

Back 6

-Stations sprang up to handle delivery of messages, like early post offices, and those delivering messages of extreme importance were given special rights.

Front 7

Karakorum

Back 7

-Capital city of Karakorum, however, he found a “cosmopolitan” community with considerable religious freedom amongst the people.

Front 8

Religious Toleration

Back 8

-The Khan’s successor, Möngke Khan, stated that there was one God, but many permissible faiths

Front 9

Kublai Khan

Back 9

-Another descendent of Genghis’, Kublai Khan, was not as interested in warmongering as his grandfather,
-also conquered China and built another grand hall in modern-day Beijing, much to the consternation of the people, who felt oppressed by his regime.
-They resisted through literature and plays, preserving their culture despite Khan’s attempts to make slaves of them.
- Khan also boasted an absurdly large household with many wives, slaves, concubines and children; his “senior wife” and mother were particularly influential

Front 10

Xanadu

Back 10

-Kublai Khan, preferring to build for himself a lavish “pleasure dome”

Front 11

Macro Polo

Back 11

-Came upon the palace and, impressed, stayed for seventeen years

Front 12

Invasion Attempt Against Japan 1281

Back 12

- In 1281 he attempted to conquer Japan, but a typhoon destroyed his fleet and, distraught, he lost interest in ruling,

Front 13

Chabi Khan

Back 13

- ; his “senior wife” who was particularly influential

Front 14

Baybars

Back 14

-An army of Mamluk (“slave”) soldiers, led by sultan Baibars, rose up and fought the Mongol invasion. The Mongols initially mocked the army, believing them to be of inferior stock,

Front 15

Manluks

Back 15

-(“Slave”) soldiers,

Front 16

Battle of Ain Julut

Back 16

-He Mongols initially mocked the army, believing them to be of inferior stock, but the Mamluks defeated them soundly in the Battle of Ain Jalut and were considered the saviors of Islam. They secured the empire and ruled for the next 250 years

Front 17

Macro Polo’s Travels

Back 17

-Taken prisoner, he took the time to write a book about his discoveries, and the influence of Asia

Front 18

Scientific Revolution

Back 18

-The influence of Asia lead to a scientific revolution in Europe.

Front 19

Frederick II of Sicily

Back 19

-In particular was known for his “curiosity,” although his experiments were often quite inhumane in their attempts to understand the human body.

Front 20

St. Francis of Assis

Back 20

-Was revered for his respect of the earth and of natural elements as the “brothers and sisters” of humanity.

Front 21

Soninke People

Back 21

- The nucleus of the territory that became the kingdom of Ghana was inhabited by Soninke people who called their ruler ghana, or war chief.
- By the late eighth century, Muslim traders and other foreigners applied the word to the region where they lived, the black kingdom south of the Sahara.
- They themselves called their land "Aoukar" or "Awkar," by which they meant the region north of the Senegal and Niger Rivers.
- all authority sprang from the king.
- Religious ceremonies and court rituals emphasized the king's sacredness and were intended to strengthen his authority
- . The king's position was hereditary in the matrilineal line--that is, the ruling king's heir was one of the king's sister's sons

Front 22

Ghana

Back 22

- War Chief
- The Soninke name for their king, aptly describes the king's major pre- occupation in the tenth century.

Front 23

Ghanaian Army

Back 23

- Apart from these social classes stood the them.
- According to al-Bakri, "the king of Ghana can put 200,000 warriors in the field, more than 40,000 being armed with bow and arrow." Like most medieval estimates, this is probably a gross exaggeration.
- The king of Ghana, however, was not called "war chief" for nothing.
- He maintained at his palace a crack standing force of a thousand men, comparable to the Roman Praetorian Guard.
- These thoroughly disciplined, well-armed, totally loyal troops protected the king and the royal court.
- They lived in special compounds; enjoyed the king's favor, and sometimes acted as his personal ambassadors to subordinate rulers.
- In wartime, this regular army was augmented by levies of soldiers from conquered peoples and by the use of slaves and free reserves.
- The force that the king could field was sizable, if not as huge as al-Bakri estimated.

Front 24

Mansa Musa(r. 1312-1337)

Back 24

- These expansionist policies were continued in the fourteenth century by Sundiata's descendant
- Early Africa's most famous ruler.
- In the language of the Mandinke, mansa means "emperor."
- Fought many campaigns and checked every attempt at rebellion.
- Ultimately his influence extended northward to several Berber cities in the Sahara, eastward to Timbuktu and Gao, and westward as far as the Atlantic Ocean.
- Throughout his territories, he maintained strict royal control over the rich trans-Saharan trade.
- Thus this empire, roughly twice the size of the Ghanaian kingdom and containing perhaps 8 million people, brought him fabulous wealth.
- Made a significant innovation: in a practice strikingly similar to a system used in both China and France at that time, he appointed members of the royal family as provincial governors.

Front 25

Mansa Musa(r. 1312-1337)

Back 25

- He could count on their loyalty, and they received valuable experience in the work of government.
- Built on the foundations of his predecessors.
- He became a devout Muslim.
- The most celebrated event of his reign was his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324­1325, during which he paid a state visit to the sultan of Egypt.
- HIs entrance into Cairo was magnificent.
- Preceded by five hundred slaves, each carrying a six-pound staff of gold, he followed with a huge host of retainers, including one hundred elephants each bearing one hundred pounds of gold.
- The emperor lavished his wealth on the citizens of the Egyptian capital.
- His gold brought about terrible inflation throughout Egypt.

Front 26

Mansa Musa(r. 1312-1337)

Back 26

- For the first time, the Mediterranean world gained concrete knowledge of Mali's wealth and power, and the black kingdom began to be known as one of the world's great empires.
- Mali retained this international reputation into the fifteenth century.
- He gained some understanding of the Mediterranean countries and opened diplomatic relations with the Muslim rulers of Morocco and Egypt.
- His zeal for the Muslim faith and Islamic culture increased.
- He brought back from Arabia the distinguished architect al- Saheli, whom he commissioned to build new mosques at Timbuktu and other cities. These mosques served as centers for the conversion of Africans.
- Musa employed Muslim engineers to build in brick.
- He also encouraged Malian merchants and traders to wear the distinctive flowing robes and turbans of Muslim males.
- Timbuktu began as a campsite for desert nomads. Under him, it grew into a thriving entrepôt, attracting merchants and traders from North Africa and all parts of the Mediterranean world.

Front 27

“Flower wars”

Back 27

- Mexicas engaged in special wars simply to provide victims for sacrifices,
- Flowers were frequently associated metaphorically with warfare in Mexica culture, with blood described as a flower of warfare, swords and banners as blooming like flowers, and a warrior's life as fleeting like a flower's blooming.
- The objective of flower wars was capturing warriors from the other side, not killing them.

Front 28

Tenochtitlan

Back 28

- A large and prosperous Aztec city that was admired by the Spanish when they entered in 1519.
- When the Spanish entered (which they called Mexico City) in November 1519, they could not believe their eyes.
- had about sixty thousand households.
- The upper class practiced polygamy and had many children, and many households included servants and slaves.
- The total population probably numbered around 250,000.
- At the time, no European city and few Asian ones could boast a population even half that size.
- Originally built on salt marshes, was approached by four great high- ways that connected it with the mainland.
- Bridges stood at intervals (comparable to modern Paris).
- Stone and adobe walls surrounded the city itself, making it (somewhat like medieval Constantinople) highly defensible and capable of resisting a prolonged siege

Front 29

Tenochtitlan

Back 29

- Wide, straight streets and canals crisscrossed the city.
- Boats and canoes plied the canals.
- Lining the roads and canals stood thousands of rectangular one-story houses of mortar faced with stucco.
- Many small gardens and parks were alive with the colors and scents of flowers.
- A large aqueduct whose sophisticated engineering astounded Cortés carried pure water from distant springs and supplied fountains in the parks.
- Streets and canals opened onto public squares and marketplaces. Tradespeople offered every kind of merchandise.

Front 30

Tenochtitlan

Back 30

- Butchers hawked turkeys, ducks, chickens, rabbits, and deer; grocers sold kidney beans, squash, avocados, corn, and all kinds of peppers.
- Artisans sold intricately designed gold, silver, and feathered jewelry.
- Seamstresses offered sandals, loincloths and cloaks for men, and blouses and long skirts for women--the clothing customarily worn by ordinary people--and embroidered robes and cloaks for the rich.
- Slaves for domestic service, wood for building, herbs for seasoning and medicine, honey and sweets, knives, jars, smoking tobacco, even human excrement used to cure animal skins--all these wares made a dazzling spectacle.
- At one side of the central square stood the great temple of Huitzilopochtli.
- Travelers, perhaps inevitably, compare what they see abroad with what is familiar to them at home.
- Accustomed to the squalor and filth of Spanish cities, the cleanliness dumbfounded the Spaniards, as did all the evidence of its ordered and elegant planning.

Front 31

Samurai

Back 31

- the Taira and Minamoto clans, relied on skilled warriors, , who were rapidly becoming a new social class.
- He and his lord had a double bond: in return for his loyalty and service, the lord granted him land or income.
- The emergence of them was made possible by the development of private landholding.
- Resembled European knights in several ways.
- Both were armed with expensive weapons, and both fought on horseback.
- Were expected to live according to Bushido, or "Way of the Warrior," a code that stressed military honor, courage, stoic acceptance of hardship, and, above all, loyalty.
- Physical hardship was accepted as routine, and soft living was despised as weak and unworthy.
- Disloyalty brought social dis- grace, which the samurai could avoid only through seppuku, ritual suicide by slashing his belly

Front 32

Yoritomo (r. 1147-1199)

Back 32

- the Minamoto leader, became shogun, or general-in-chief.
- With him began the Kamakura Shogunate (1185­1333).
- This period is often referred to as Japan's feudal period because it was dominated by a military class whose members were tied to their superiors by bonds of loyalty and sup- ported by landed estates rather than salaries.
- ruled the country much the way he ran his own estates, appointing his retainers to newly created offices.
- To cope with the emergence of hard-to- tax estates, he put military land stewards in charge of seeing to the estates' proper operation.
- To bring order to the lawless country- side, he appointed military governors to oversee the military and enforce the law in the provinces.
- They supervised the conduct of the land stewards in peacetime and commanded the provincial samurai in war.
- Wife Masako protected the interests of her own family, the Ho jo s, especially after he died.

Front 33

Bushido

Back 33

-Way of the Warrior," a code that stressed military honor, courage, stoic acceptance of hardship, and, above all, loyalty.

Front 34

Doomsday Book

Back 34

- The records collected from the entire country provided William and his descendants with vital information for governing the country.

Front 35

Frederick Barbarossa (r.1152-1190)

Back 35

- of the house of Hohenstaufen tried valiantly to make the Holy Roman Empire a united state.
- He made alliances with the great lay princes and even compelled the great churchmen to become his vassals.
- Unfortunately, he did not concentrate his efforts and resources in one area.
- He became embroiled in the affairs of Italy, hoping to cash in on the wealth Italian cities had gained through trade.
- He led six expeditions into Italy, but his brutal methods provoked revolts, and the cities, allied with the papacy, defeated him in 1176.
- Was forced to recognize the autonomy of the cities.
- Meanwhile, back in Germany, his absence allowed the princes and other rulers of independent provinces to consolidate their power.

Front 36

Cistercian Order

Back 36

- The best representative of the new reforming spirit
- Combined a very simple liturgical life, a radical rejection of the traditional feudal sources of income (such as the possession of mills and serfs), and many innovative economic practices.
- Dynamic growth and rapid expansion had a profound impact on European society.

Front 37

Hanseatic League

Back 37

- A mercantile association of towns that allowed for mutual protection and security.
- Known as the Hansa for short
- Mercantile association of towns formed to achieve mutual security and exclusive trading rights, controlled trade.
- During the thirteenth century perhaps two hundred cities from Holland to Poland joined the league, but Lübeck always remained the dominant member.
- The ships of the Hansa cities carried furs, wax, copper, fish, grain, timber, and wine.
- These goods were exchanged for finished products, mainly cloth and salt, from western cities.

Front 38

Hanseatic League

Back 38

At cities such as Bruges and London, Hanseatic merchants secured special trading concessions exempting them from all tolls and allowing them to trade at local fairs.
- Merchants established foreign trading centers, which they called "factories."
- The term factory was subsequently used in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to mean business offices and places in Asia and Africa where goods were stored and slaves held before being shipped to Europe or the Americas.
- These developments added up to what is often called the commercial revolution.

Front 39

Henry lll (r.1216-1272)

Back 39

• Provisions of Oxfords; wanted to control the government

Front 40

• Simon de Monfort

Back 40

• Fought to make sure that provisions of oxfords was carried out
• Rigid

Front 41

Battle of Evesham, 1256

Back 41

• War between King and Simon de Monfort;

• Monfort lost, died
• King begins to reassert some level of power

Front 42

• Barons’ War (1264-1265)

Back 42

• Between Monfort and King
• King gained some support from Barons, sympathy
• Battle of Evesham

Front 43

Parliament

Back 43

• Nobles being heard in “sort out” process
• Parli-speak; talk, debate, legislate
• French; strong French influence
• Institution for Barons, King
• Theory: “Community of the Realm”

Front 44

: “Community of the Realm”

Back 44

• A good King could rule the kingdom with advice of community of the realm
• Parliament represents community of the realm

Front 45

Edward l (r.1272-1307)

Back 45

• Ambitious, talented, introduced efficancy and order to reign
• Reputation as a lawyer; intense type of person
• Loved order and systematic order
• Good, effective King
• Military campaign
• Territorial expansion
• Needed revenue-Scotland
• Frequent parliament-sanction for revenue, “go ahead” on taxes
• Becomes dependent on Parliament for finances

Front 46

• Model Parliament, 1295

Back 46

• Great Barons, lesser nobles, leading townsmen, merchants, church, clergymen-all were represented
• Named for its composition of people

Front 47

• Celestine V (1294)

Back 47

• Pope for about five months
• Felt that he compromised his salvation by being pope, lot of corruption in the church

Front 48

• Boniface Vlll (1294-1303)

Back 48

• Ready to enjoy “perks, reassert papacy power”
• Confrontation with Philip IV, the Fair (1285-1314)
• Issued a paper “bull”-assert strong papal authority in human beings
• “Outrage of Anagni”

Front 49

Philip IV, the Fair (1285-1314)

Back 49

• “King Owl”-stare, fair skinned
• Determined to reassert secular powerm decrease church power
• Clashed over money, impose tax on church in France
• Threatened to stop money flow to Pope, France
• Pope caved and imposed tax on church and France

Front 50

• Unam Sanctam

Back 50

• If you want salvation, you have to submit to the pope

Front 51

• “Outrage of Anagni”

Back 51

• Agnai-Pope’s summer residence
• Henchmen went to capture and arrest the pope
• “Protectors” drove off Henchmen; pope was so shaken that he died a month later

Front 52

• Clement V (1305-1314)

Back 52

• French Pope
• Claims of considerable influence
• Babylonian captivity
• Because popes were living in France

Front 53

• John XXll (r1316-1334)

Back 53

• Financial, “squeeze” the church for as much money as possible
• Money for independence from secular sources-for church independence
• Increased Bureaucracy
• Wanted more control; centralizes the power of the church; administration
• Popes went back to Italy; Italian pope elected due to pressure
• Angered the French; elected their own pope

Front 54

• Western Schism (1378-1417)

Back 54

• Deep divide between pope in Rome and France
• Popes argued with each other and claimed that the other was the Antichrist

Front 55

• Conciliar Movement

Back 55

• Try to bring church back together by church councils
• Tried to reconcile churches, one pope instead of two

Front 56

• Council of Pisa, 1409

Back 56

• Church went in opposite direction, three popes
• Each claimed to be the only pope
• Elected another Pope assuming that the other popes would step down, failed.
• Ended up with three popes

Front 57

• Council of Constance (1414-1417)

Back 57

• Got rid of all three popes and elected another
- Martin V

Front 58

Martin V (1417-1431)

Back 58

• Cardinal, supported conciliar movement
• Changed position after elected
• Reestablished pope power

• Changed stance to papacy from favor in conciliar movement
• Against regular church council

Front 59

• Renaissance Papacy (1447-1527)

Back 59

• Spent lots of money on the arts
• Acted like kings and princes; secular and religious rulers, people began to get angry about secular behavior

Front 60

Edward lll (r.1327-1377)

Back 60

• Popular king of England
• Represents chivalry; sponsored all sorts of Medieval Games (Ex. Joust, war games...); honor and etiquette
• Took England to war against France, nobles were in favor of the war
• Had some justification for king of France; male descendants died

Front 61

• Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)

Back 61

• English claim to French throne
• Initial stages-English losing
• Battle of Crecy 1346

• French won the war; had more man power and will; advantage-fought on own soil
• War suspended because of Black Death

Front 62

• Battle of Crecy 1346

Back 62

• Better technology and resources-English
• English won; long boats and better bow and arrows. . .

Front 63

Black Death

Back 63

• Cause of death to a third of Europe’s population; hit urban areas the hardest

Front 64

• Battle of Poitiers, 1356

Back 64

• English won; captured French king
• Treated the French King so well that he preferred to stay in England than return; made to return

Front 65

• Treaty of Bretigny-Calais, 1360

Back 65

• Ended first phase of 100 years war
• English returned French King; regained some land
• English renounced French throne
• Never implemented (not put into effect); gave a “breathing space” for next phase of the war

Front 66

• Charles V (r. 1364-1380)

Back 66

• French King; military reforms, better equipment, and training
• Refused to face English head on in battle; used guerrilla tactics
• Began to wear English down; by the time he died gained almost all land left from English

Front 67

• Henry Vl (r.1422-1461)

Back 67

• English king at nine months; when older-became reclusive, devout, pious
• Factions in the court; constantly trying to rule “on behalf of the King”

Front 68

• Joan of Arc (1429-1431)

Back 68

• Dressed like a boy; began as a teen
• Heard voices and had visions from saints to give backbone to the French King
• Get the King to the city of Reims to become officially anointed as king
• King gave her soldiers to command to lift the Siege of Orleans, 1429

• After Orleans, Joan encouraged king to go to Reims; King went and was anointed as King of France; added momentum
• Joan was captured and burned by the English

Front 69

• Charles Vll (r.1422-1461)

Back 69

• Little respect from French nobility
• French King; weak, ate plan food, old and ragged clothes
• Weak leadership

Front 70

Siege of Orleans, 1429

Back 70

• She insisted that they “clean up” their act; attend mass, no swearing
• Demonstrated reckless courage; no training for battle
• Major turning point of war for French; lifted the siege

Front 71

• Nadir

Back 71

• Low point for English
• Henry Vl

Front 72

Henry Vl (r.1422-1461)

Back 72

Henry Vl (r.1422-1461)
• Reclusive, withdrew from government; government crumbles
• Medieval monarchy reaches its low point; lack of revenue (losing 100 year war so lack of motivation for paying taxes)
• Collapse of Government Effectiveness
• Economic recession
• Parliament and king consultation disappears
• Increasing corruption of the governmental officials; break down in law and order
• Petty wars between governmental officials
• House of Lancaster (Henry Vl) vs House of York (Edward lV)

Front 73

• House of Lancaster (Henry Vl) vs House of York (Edward lV)

Back 73

• Wars of the Roses (1455-1471)
• Determines house for kingship
• York was tired of being on the “sidelines”; wanted to participate more; played on the weaknesses and fraction of nobles
• Battle of Towton Moor, 1461
• More than 100,000 soldiers
• Weather played a big role-snowstorm with strong winds, in favor of House of York side

Front 74

• Wars of the Roses (1455-1471)

Back 74

• Determines house for kingship
• York was tired of being on the “sidelines”; wanted to participate more; played on the weaknesses and fraction of nobles

Front 75

• Battle of Towton Moor, 1461

Back 75

• More than 100,000 soldiers
• Weather played a big role-snowstorm with strong winds, in favor of House of York side

Front 76

Edward lV (r 1461-1483)

Back 76

• House of York in power; turned kingship around
• Businessman; became very wealthy (land produced revenue)
• Assigned new “management”; oversaw on a local level
• Nobles created revenue due to forced loans to the king
• Put England’s finances on a sound basis
• Well respected for his military skills

Front 77

Louis Xl, The Universal Spider (r 1461-1483)

Back 77

• Diplomatic intrigue
• “Cheap skate”
• Strengthened central government; relied on the french Bourgeoisie
• government bureaucrats by merit; not birth
• Judicial systems; royal control

Front 78

Bourgeoisie

Back 78

• government bureaucrats by merit; not birth

Front 79

Renaissance

Back 79

Rebirth” of interest in the ancient classics- Latin, Ancient Romans
• Focus is on individual; new found confidence- “a man can do all things”
• Comfort with the here and now, activity and participation
• Began in Italy (series of city states)

Front 80

• Florence

Back 80

center of city state; northern, center of culture
• Medici Family
• Banking; used money to influence politics

• Center of the arts; leader
• New style of architecture: Filippo Brunelleschi and Alberti

Front 81

• Cosimo de Medici (r 1429-1464)

Back 81

Pulled the strings” from the sidelines
• Political machine; commissioned lots of artists; wanted to make Florence a “cultural spot”

Front 82

• Lorenzo de Medici, The Magnificent (r 1469-1492)

Back 82

• Art reaches high point
• Promoting the arts
• Botticelli

Front 83

• Botticelli

Back 83

• Artist; pagan and classical themes
• Linearlism
• Catholic priest, Savonarola (r 1494-1498)
• “Clean up” paganism goal

• Linear art
• Worked for Lorenzo the Magnificent

Front 84

, Savonarola (r 1494-1498)

Back 84

• Put in power when France invaded Italy
• Cleaned up “wickedness” of Florentine life
• Economic depression-Florentine people stopped support and executed
• Turning point in Renaissance; artists left and went to Rome
• Filippo Brunelleschi- Supporter, destroyed paintings of Botticelli; Christian

Front 85

• Filippo Brunelleschi-

Back 85

• Left Florence and went to Rome for several years
• One of the founders of Renaissance architecture
• Carved out niches in the wall to show wall thickness; simplified wall surface; used basic geometric shapes
• Architecture
• Gothic/Latin Cross
• Renaissance/Greek Cross-balance
• Applied roman style; transitional figure
• Pazzi Chapel

Front 86

• Pazzi Chapel

Back 86

• Repeated geometric shapes; round arch; classical columns, dome

Front 87

Alberti (1404-1472)

Back 87

• Took bits and pieces of Roman architecture and added to them, theoretical aspect; also founder of Renaissance
• Concerning Building
• Classical Rome with theoretical

Front 88

Giotto (1266-1336)

Back 88

• Painter; ahead of his time; broke through tradition
• Takes painting into a new era; added volume and weight to paintings
• Chiaroscuro-light and dark
• Later taught in an art academy
• Innovator; one man revolution in art; architect

Front 89

Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)

Back 89

• High Renaissance
• Artist and Entertainer (riddles); inventor
• Restless, hard time focusing on art projects
• The Last Supper

• Mona Lisa
• Died in France while working for the French King

Front 90

• The Last Supper

Back 90

• Milan
• Popular theme in that era
• Broke convention: Picked a different time of the last supper to focus on than his competitors; Judas is on the same side of the table with Christ; Judas-in shadows, coiling, knocking over salt (bad omen)
• Standard techniques: depth, Christ in center and highlighted by window; balance and harmony-Christ in center
• Used paint without the plaster-didn’t like restrictions that plaster presented

Front 91

Michelangelo (1475-1564)

Back 91

• Establishes reputation as a sculpture
• Wanted stone, not bronze
• David
• 15ft high
• Caused a stir; made reputation as greatest sculptor in his day
• Goes to Rome

Front 92

• Julius ll, Warrior Pope (r.1503-1513)

Back 92

• Invited all artists
• Warrior-wasn’t afraid to lead soldiers in war
• Had Michelangelo work on his tomb

Front 93

• Sistine Chapel Ceiling

Back 93

• Genesis stories
• Creation of Adam
• Shows God and Adam
• Figures look “sculpture-isk”
• Michelangelo didn’t want to take task originally, saw himself as a sculptor
• Bramante (1444-1514)

Front 94

• Bramante (1444-1514)

Back 94

• Competitor of Michelangelo; hoping he’d fail at Sistine Chapel

Front 95

• New St. Peter’s Basilica

Back 95

• Pure Renaissance style; Balance, harmony, proportion
• Bramante
• Raphel (1483-1520)
• Dome of St. Peter’s

Front 96

• Raphel (1483-1520)

Back 96

• Also helped with chapel
• Better known as a painter
• School of Athens
• Worked in Vaticam Apartments; used fresco
• High Renaissance
• Extremely popular

Front 97

• Leo X (1513-1521)

Back 97

• “Party Pope”- bull fight on St. Peter’s square
• Reformation began under his rule

Front 98

• Dome of St. Peter’s

Back 98

• Died (Raphael) while working on; Michelangelo took over
• Wanted the dome to be the heart and soul
• Centerpiece
• Forced to make changes after death of Michelangelo; changed Latin cross plan

Front 99

Henry II (1154-1181)

Back 99

-

Front 100

Angevin Empire

Back 100

-

Front 101

Eleanor of Aquitaine

Back 101

-

Front 102

Itinerant Justices

Back 102

-

Front 103

Common Law

Back 103

-

Front 104

Richard I, the Lion Hearted (r.1189-1199)

Back 104

-

Front 105

Third crusade

Back 105

-

Front 106

Saladin (r. 175-1193)

Back 106

-

Front 107

PHILIP AUGUSTUS (PHILIP II) (r. 1180-1223)

Back 107

-

Front 108

JOHN (R.1199-1216)

Back 108

-

Front 109

Normandy 1204

Back 109

-

Front 110

Magna Carta, 1215

Back 110

-

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Giorgio Vasari

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-Renaissance, from the French version of a word meaning rebirth. was first used by the artist and art historian Giorgio Vasari (1511­1574) to describe the art of "rare men of genius" such as his contemporary Michelangelo.
-Through their works, Vasari judged, the glory of the classical past had been reborn--or perhaps even surpassed--after centuries of darkness.
- Described both Michelangelo and Raphael as “divine” and “rare men of genius”

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Petrarch

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- The realization that something new and unique 1540 Founding of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) was happening first came to writers in the fourteenth century, especially to the poet and humanist Francesco Petrarch (1304­1374).
- For Petrarch, the Germanic migrations had caused a sharp cultural break with the 1555 Peace of Augsburg glories of Rome and inaugurated what he called the "Dark Ages."
- Petrarch believed that he was witnessing a new golden age of intellectual achievement.
- Petrarch and other poets, writers, and artists showed a deep interest in the ancient past, in both the physical remains of the Roman Empire and classical Latin texts.

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Niccolo Machiavelli

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- Wrote The Prince in 1513
- Maintained that the ruler should be concerned with the way things actually are rather than aiming for an ethical ideal
- The sole test of a good government is whether it is effective
- Did not advocate amoral behavior
- Believed that political action can not be restricted by moral considerations

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The Prince

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- Written by Niccole Machiavelli in 1513
- No Renaissance book on any topic has been more widely read than the short political treatise
- The subject is political power: how the ruler should gain, maintain, and increase it.
- The prince should combine the cunning of a fox with the ferocity of a lion to achieve his goals.
- Asking rhetorically whether it is better for a ruler to be loved or feared,
- on the basis of a crude interpretation , the word Machiavellian entered the language as a synonym for the politically devious, corrupt, and crafty, indicating actions in which the end justifies the means.
- Often seen as a prime example of another aspect of the Renaissance, secularism

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Christian Humanists

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- Northern humanists,
- Interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity, individualism, and humanism in terms of their own traditions.
- Had profound faith in the power of the human intellect and thought that human nature was capable of improvement through education.
- They developed a program for broad social reform based on Christian ideals

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Sir Thomas More

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-(1478­1535)
- The Englishman envisioned a society that would bring out this inherent goodness in his revolutionary book Utopia (1516).
- According to him, the key to improvement and reform of the individual was reform of the social institutions that molded the individual.
- His ideas were profoundly original in the sixteenth century.
- Contrary to the long-prevailing view that vice and violence existed because people themselves were basically corrupt, he maintained that society's flawed institutions, especially private property, were responsible for corruption and war.

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Utopia

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- Written by Sir Thomas More in 1516
- Title means both "a good place" and "nowhere," describes an ideal community on an island somewhere off the mainland of the New World.
- All children receive a good education, primarily in the Greco-Roman classics, and learning does not cease with maturity, for the goal of all education is to develop rational faculties.
- Adults divide their days between manual labor or business pursuits and intellectual activities.
- Because profits from business and property are held in common, there is absolute social equality.
- Citizens of Utopia lead an ideal, nearly perfect existence because they live by reason; their institutions are perfect.

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Desiderius Erasmus

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- Better known by contemporaries than Thomas More
- Dutch humanist
- (1466?­1536) of Rotterdam.
- His fame rested largely on his exceptional knowledge of Greek and the Bible.
- Long list of publications includes The Education of a Christian Prince (1504), a book combining idealistic and practical suggestions for the formation of a ruler's character through the of Plutarch, Aristotle, Cicero, and Plato; The Praise of Folly (1509), a satire of worldly wisdom and a plea for the simple and spontaneous Christian faith of children; and, most important, a critical edition of the Greek New Testament (1516).
- Education was the key to moral and intellectual improvement, and true Christianity is an inner attitude of the spirit, not outward actions.

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The Praise of Folly

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- Written by Desiderius Erasmus in 1509
- A satire of worldly wisdom and a plea for the simple and spontaneous Christian faith of children

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Johan Gutenberg

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- Several metal-smiths, most prominently Johan Gutenberg, transformed the metal stamps used to mark signs on jewelry into type that could be covered with ink and used to mark symbols onto a surface.
- This type could be rearranged for every page and so used over and over.
- The printing revolution was also enabled by the ready availability of paper, which was made using techniques that had originated in China and spread into Europe from Muslim Spain.
- Within a half century of the publication of Gutenberg's Bible of 1456, movable type had brought about radical changes.

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Ferdinand and Isabella

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- Even the wedding in 1469 of the dynamic and aggressive Isabella of Castile and the crafty and persistent Ferdinand of Aragon did not bring about administrative unity.
- Their marriage constituted a dynastic union of two royal houses, not the political union of two peoples, though they did pursue a common foreign policy.
- Were able to exert their authority in ways similar to the rulers of France and England, however.
- They curbed aristocratic power by excluding aristocrats and great territorial magnates from the royal council, and instead appointed only men of middle-class background.
- The council and various government boards recruited men trained in Roman law, which exalted the power of the Crown.
- They also secured from the Spanish pope Alexander VI the right to appoint bishops in Spain and in the Hispanic territories in America, enabling them to establish the equivalent of a national church.
- In 1492 their armies conquered Granada, the last territory held by Arabs in southern Spain.

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Conversos

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-Anti-Semitic pogroms swept the towns of Spain; one scholar estimates that 40 percent of the Jewish population was killed or forced to convert.
- Those converted were called ___________or New Christians.
- Were often well- educated and held prominent positions in government, the church, medicine, law, and business.
- Identified themselves as sincere Christians; many came from families that had received baptism generations before.

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Spanish Inquisition

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- Aristocratic grandees resented their financial dependence; the poor hated the converso tax collectors; and churchmen doubted the sincerity of their conversions.
- Queen Isabella shared these suspicions, and she and Ferdinand received permission from Pope Sixtus IV to establish an Inquisition to "search out and punish converts from Judaism who had transgressed against Christianity by secretly adhering to Jewish beliefs and performing rites of the Jews."
- Investigations and trials began immediately, as officials of the Inquisition looked for conversos who showed any sign of incomplete conversion, such as not eating pork.
- In response, officials of the Inquisition developed a new type of anti-Semitism.
- A person's status as a Jew, they argued, could not be changed by religious conversion, but was in their blood and was heritable, so Jews could never be true Christians.
- In what were known as "purity of the blood" laws, having pure Christian blood became a requirement for noble status.

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Spanish Inquisition

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- Ideas about Jews developed in Spain were important components in European concepts of race, and discussions of "Jewish blood" later expanded into notions of the "Jewish race."
- Shortly after the conquest of Granada, Isabella and Ferdinand issued an edict expel- ling all practicing Jews from Spain.
- Of the community of perhaps 200,000 Jews, 150,000 fled.
- Absolute religious orthodoxy and "purity of blood" served as the theoretical foundation of the Spanish national state.

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Maximilian I

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Maximilian I
- The Holy Roman emperor Frederick III, a Habsburg who was the ruler of most of Austria, acquired only a small amount of territory--but a great deal of money--with his marriage to Princess Eleonore of Portugal in 1452.
- He arranged for his son Maximilian to marry Europe's most prominent heiress, Mary of Burgundy, in 1477;
- Learned the lesson of marital politics well, marrying his son and daughter to the children of Ferdinand and Isabella, the rulers of Spain, much of southern Italy, and eventually the Spanish New World empire.
- His grandson Charles V (1500­ 1558) fell heir to a vast and incredibly diverse collection of states and peoples, each governed in a different manner and held together only by the person of the emperor

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Mary of Burgundy

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- Europe's most prominent heiress,
- She inherited the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and the county of Burgundy in what is now eastern France.
- Through this union with the rich and powerful duchy of Burgundy, the Austrian house of Habsburg, already the strongest ruling family in the empire, became an international power
- The marriage of Maximilian and her angered the French, however, who considered Burgundy French territory, and inaugurated centuries of conflict between the Austrian house of Habsburg and the kings of France.
- Within the empire, German principalities that resented Austria's preeminence began to see that they shared interests with France.