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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Commodore Matthew Perry
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Led American war ships on diplomatic mission to feudalistic, isolationist Japan to show American power and strength in 1853-1854; ordered the shogun to stop killing people (humanitarian effort) and to engage with the US in trade; gave shogun a year to make the decision to accept these demands; traditionalists and modernists in shogun's government tried to decide what to do; modernists got their way and Perry came back with his men and ships and the movement towards modernization in Japan begins
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Meiji Restoration
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Period of modernization/enlightenment that led to imperial Japan started by Emperor Mutoshito who was viewed as a living god; end of the shogunate; conquest through various wars (First Sin-Japanese, Russo-Japanese, and WWI); quasi-democratization in government; industrialization and modernization
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Japanese mandates in Pacific (Carolines, Marianas, Marshalls)
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During WWI, Japan gained 3 island archipelagos; they wanted these as defensible posts for their trade in the Pacific ocean. In the next few years, Japan became a creditor nation because it was selling more to the rest of the world than it was buying; big step for Japanese imperialism and sign that it had moved away from isolationism
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Constitution of 1889
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Japanese quasi-democratic constitution that said: men could vote (but only 1% of men, those who were elitist); emperor's position was at the top with unlimited power, no checks and balances, ticking time bomb; position of Army and Navy general staff was another ticking time bomb because they only owed their allegiance to the militaristic emperor; the Diet (legislature) could not control emperor or Army & Navy staff
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Zaibatsu system
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System of Japanese mega corporations; produced thousands of products through diversifying; Mitsubishi, Kawasaki, Nissan, etc.; these companies never compete against each other, but work together to beat out foreign competitors; all employees in the system are taken care of; great loyalty to the system because you were producing greatness for Japan; even small businesses included in the system
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Mukden Episode/Incident (1931)
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In early 1930s Japan there were some extreme militarists, but they weren't the majority; Mukden in Manchuria has lots of iron; Manchuria had Japanese influence in the south and Russian influence in the north but was technically part of China; there was a mysterious explosion in Mukden that we now know was rogue Japanese military officers who blamed it on the Chinese and drove them out of Mukden; within 2.5 months Japanese took over southern Manchuria.
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Stimson Doctrine (1932)
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Doctrine named after Henry Stimson US Secretary of State during the Hoover presidency that illustrated the US policy of refusing to recognize any lands taken by Japanese aggression during the Mukden episode in Manchuria; US did nothing about the episode except for providing this doctrine
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Rape of Nanking (1937)
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During the Second Sino-Japanese War that was started by Japanese militarists against Chinese civilians to invade key parts of China, Japanese militarists surrounded this town and rounded up civilians and executed over 200,000 in cold blood
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Sinking of U.S.S. Panay (1937)
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Was a small war ship that was along Chinese rivers to protect American economic interests; left Nanking to escort out foreign civilians, was also pulling 3 oil barges; Japanese plane bombed and gunned ship and oil barges; Japanese government knew nothing of this, had been done by rogue Japanese officers; Japanese apologized and paid reparations; Americans want to avoid war in Asia so they let the Panay thing go
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FDR embargoes oil and scrap metal to Japan (Summer 1941)
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froze Japanese economic assets in the US; cut off American oil and scrap metal to Japan (Japan got 80% of its oil from the US) until Japan would leave China; Japan began developing a plan to attack/begin war with the US
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Sepoy Rebellion (1857)
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Sepoy Army was created by British East India Co. and the ranks were filled with Indians; British had tried to force the Sepoy to use Enfield rifles which were packaged in animal fat and could not be touched by Muslim, Hindu, or Sikh soldiers; soldiers refused to use them and this trigged the rebellion in which the British lost control of the Sepoy; British cut Sepoy's salaries and didn't allow their families to come with them; Sepoy regiments rose up and began killing their officers and any other white people they came across; both sides were very brutal
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Indian National Congress (1885)
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Legislative body initially made up of wealthier, educated Hindus, Muslims, and some Englishmen; was not a radical organization; had 2 principles: not seeking independence for India and more Indians to be elected to National Congress and to the various provincial legislatures
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Muslim League (1906)
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One of the two groups who didn't fully trust the National Congress and who broke away; didn't like that the National Congress was dominated by Hindus because of the history of tension between Hindus and Muslims; this group remained non-violent
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Morley-Minto Act of 1909
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Pre-WWI attempt by British to compromise with the Indians; British willing to let Indians elect more Indians to National Congress and provincial legislatures; Indians rejected this because it wasn't enough; would've been okay but National Congress had proposed it in 1885 but this was 1909; viceroy still had absolute veto power over all legislation, so even if Indians are in Congress, viceroy's say is all that counts
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Amritsar Massacre (1919)
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Was important Indian religious and trading center; British sent new general Reginald Dyer to round up dissidents and lock them up, but he couldn't find the guilty; Instead, there was a religious festival where speakers spoke about Indian independence in a large, unarmed crowd in plaza and Dyer appeared and blocked off entrance to plaza with armored cars and machine guns saying that the crowd had a certain amount of time to clear or they'd kill them; fired for 10 minutes, killed 400, wounded 1,000+; Dyer was not punished; "Remember Amritsar"
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Gandhi and "March to the Sea"
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Indian non-violent resistance leader who wanted independence, equal rights for men and women, end of the caste system, and multi-ethnic, democratic government & society; In protest of the sea salt tax led a march to coastline from interior and picked up 50,000 people along the way to make salt from salt water; though Gandhi was jailed again for this he won the press war by showing the immorality of British and became a worldwide hero
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Mohandas Gandhi's assassination
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Muslims wanted to create their own country, so British agreed to let India be split into India and Pakistan. Gandhi hated the 2-country solution, so he put himself in most sever hungry strike of his life, but that's not what killed him. Gandhi was assassinated by a fellow Hindu who was from an upper caste and didn't like that Gandhi wanted the caste system to end
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Kashmir issue today
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In India's post-independence period there have continued to be wars between India and Pakistan; India/Pakistan boundary is one of the most unsettled borders in the world (both nuclear nations); Kashmir (northern India) is an area claimed by both India and Pakistan - soldiers are there constantly fighting over nothing but glaciers
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Grand Alliance (1942-1945)
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WWII alliance between FDR of the United States, Churchill of Britain, and Stalin of the Soviet Union with goal of defeating Nazi Germany; kind of an odd alliance because it was between the great capitalist nation, the great communist nation, and the colonial superpower; Stalin kept trying to get US and Britain to open a new military front in Western Europe to get rid of Hitler and they finally did, which was D-Day 1944
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Yalta Conference (February 1945)
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conference held to determine how to organize post-WWII Europe; divide Germany into 4 occupation zones militarily occupied by Allies (USSR, US, UK, France) and de-Nazified; all liberated European nations granted self-determination; creation of a United Nations (strong powers than League of Nations); and the most controversial was that the Soviet Union would receive control of the Baltic Republics/States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) and Eastern Poland (pay-off since they had the heaviest losses in WWII); American liberals thought FDR got the best post-war deal he could considering all the realities, but American conservatives thought FDR got duped by Stalin and shouldn't trust Stalin at all
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Containment policy
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President Truman's Cold War policy that lasted for much of the rest of the 20th century; US will not try to liberate communist control areas; US will create arc of containment through Europe, the Middle East, and Asia to prevent all future expansion of communism; US gives financial and military awards to countries along the arc to stop communism
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Berlin blockade and air lift
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One of Truman's crises; Germany was divided: west under Allied control, east under USSR; Stalin tried to take over Berlin. Though Berlin was in East Germany, west Berlin was under Allies and East Berlin under USSR; Stalin shut of off all roads, railways, waterways heading west out of Berlin; Truman launches airlift into West Berlin and Americans flew from bases out of Britain and delivered food and supplies to West Berlin; showed that Allies were moral and Stalin a tyrant; Stalin all of a sudden ended this and opened roads and everything the next year
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Inchon Landings (1950)
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Korean war N. Korea controlled by Communist leaders under USSR who wanted to take over S. Korea and S. Korea controlled by US; US had been driven down to Pusan Perimeter; Truman thought they should move up from Pusan and slowly liberate S. Korea, but Gen. MacArthur suggested the seaside town of Inchon; Inchon had very high tides and was heavily mined by N. Korea, but they managed to target Inchon and liberate Seoul in a matter of weeks
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Outcome of Korean War
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After the success of Inchon, MacArthur wanted to continue by liberating N. Korea from communist government; made huge advances in the first few weeks, but Chinese communist leader Mao Tse-Tung sent soldiers to N. Korea and pushed American soldiers south in total defeat; Truman refused to attack China; war ended with cease fire but never a treaty; today still 30,000 American troops along demilitarized line
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Platt Amendment (1901)
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Resolution of US Congress: Cuba cannot make treaties or trade agreements with other nations without US approval; The US reserves the right to establish an unlimited number of naval bases in Cuba (just Guantanamo); US reserves the right to intervene in any time it deems necessary; was overturned by FDR but everything still basically worked the same
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Fulgencio Batista
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Dictator and mafia member in Cuba; legacy of dependency on the US; revolution going on against him led by guerrilla force under Fidel Castro; his government fell in 1959 and he fled the country while Castro rode into Havana on top of a tank and gave speech about a future based on democracy
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Fidel Castro's "Fundamental Law" (February 1959)
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based on democracy and legislature; Council of Ministers who would run the country including Castro as PM (political and military head), a defense minister - communist brother Raul Castro, and Finance Minister - communist Che Guevara (all men of the guerrilla force); lots of middle class citizens felt left behind; took military and financial aid from any country that extended it, mainly from USSR (million dollars a day)
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Raul Castro's visit to Moscow (Summer 1962)
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Fidel sent Raul to MOscow to buy arms to defend against the expected American invasion; Khrushchev gave Castro a bunch of conventional weapons, significant number of jets and bombers, short-range missiles, and nuclear missiles; rumors among intelligence agencies that USSR putting missiles in Cuba; JFK confronted Soviet ambassador about it and he denied it; set the stage for Cuban Missile Crisis in Oct 1962
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JFK and Khrushchev's agreement at end of missile crisis
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agreement that Khrushchev would turn around USSR ships and send no more missiles and would remove the missiles that were already in Cuba; JFK promised no invasion of Cuba and would pull US nuclear missiles out of Turkey
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Battle of Dien Bien Phu (1954)
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important commercial center in north Indo-China; thought defensible by French colonial empire; General Henri Navarre put 20,000 French troops here as bait b/c he wanted Ho Chi Minh's men to fight in one big battle using France's superior firepower, but Ho Chi Minh got his men there really quickly; France asked US to help but Eisenhower thought it was idiotic and didn't do anything; the French army was killed and captured and this battle ended French colonialism in Indo-China
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Geneva Accords (1954)
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Treaty written post-Dien Bien Phu: France to leave Southeast Asia forever; three countries created: Vietnam (divided N and S), Laos, and Cambodia; 1956 democratic election to unify the two Vietnams (election wasn't actually held)
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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (Aug. 7, 1964)
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document of escalation of Vietnam war that Johnson sent to Congress saying that President and Commander in Chief has power to take all necessary measures to repel any foreign attack against US forces; Congress passed this in unanimous record time vote with only 2 dissenting votes from men who raised questions about Tonkin; became justification for everything Johnson did in war
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Senators Wayne Morse and Ernest Gruening
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The two senators who raised questions about Tonkin; both got shouted down for not being patriotic and backing Johnson; both lost reelections; only 2 dissenting votes on Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
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TET Offensive (1968)
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TET is huge Vietnamese holiday; expectation was that soliders wouldn't be active during this time, but North had infiltrated Southern army for 6 months leading up to TET; Gen. Westmoreland had given speech at end of previous year to Americans that we were winning the war; Ho Chi Minh moved from guerrilla to conventional war far and gave large blow to South; dozens of provincial capitals, military district centers, strategic villages, American air bases, and part of Saigon fell in a matter of weeks; the great loss of American lives during this offensive spurred the great anti-war movement
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"Living Room War"
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For the first time in American history, the war was broadcast on public television; media became more hostile to government; first time since US was major superpower that American people generally didn't trust American government; anti-war movement
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1968 US presidential election
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Bobby Kennedy and McCarthy were in the running for Democratic nomination; Johnson announced he would not accept nomination for reelection; Kennedy assassinated and McCarthy lost momentum; D Hubert Humphrey v. R Nixon and Nixon won with his "secret plan to end war" which really didn't exist
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