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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a millionaire city? |
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What is a mega city?
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One that has at least 10 million people, with a population density of over 2,000 persons per km2 |
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Where are megacities located in the world? |
The majority of big cities are found in Asia and mega cities can be found on every continent |
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What reasons are there for the growth of mega cities? |
Better medical care and technology causing natural increase Agriculture change and revolution Cities that are declared capital Ports and trading cities Economic reasons as TNC's focus in urban areas |
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What is a world city? |
Those that exert a dominant influence over continental and global economies and processes. It is independent to population size
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What is an example of a World City and how is it one?
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London Stock Exchange, 40% of global foreign equities traded in London, businesses from around the world set up e.g. Google, London's Tech Industry worth $2.4 billion, 42 educational institutes, 4,500 world class research institutes, international embassies, House of Commons, International Transport Hub, 6th Busiest airport (Heathrow) |
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Why do we need waste management?
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Large populations - produce a lot of waste, Densely populated areas - no space, Rapid Urbanisation in LEDCs, Public health risks - disease could spread, EU/Global Targets - need to be met, Urban Ecosystems - need protecting
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What is meant by sustainability?
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It is the meeting of needs of the present generation in a way that doesn't damage the environment or prevent future generations from being able to meet their own needs |
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What strategies are there to manage waste? |
1. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Reduction - introduce 5p tax on plastic bags Oct 15 Reuse - bag for life scheme, stronger Recycle - paper, glass, metal collected if economically viable 2. Landfill 3. Composting 4. Energy recovery |
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What is the case study for Waste management?
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Curitiba |
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How much does Curitiba recycle?
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2/3 of household waste (one of highest in the world), received UN's highest award |
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How many people recycle in Curitiba?
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What kind of items are recycled? |
Books - sent to public libraries for all to use Artefacts - museums Now, 13% of solid waste is recycled |
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What programme has been set up in Curitiba to help people out and recycle at the same time? |
The Green exchange - 1990 Encourages poor to recycle their waste in return for food produce or bus tickets. Valuable service - clean favelas which the recycling teams find hard to access |
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Who benefits from the Green Exchange? |
Poor people deliver their waste to a collection to exchange for their goods. The programme costs the same as landfill but has advantage of improving their health, reducing litter and creating jobs. 30,000 people benefit |
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How much is recycled through this programme? |
Nine tonnes of garbage is collected daily - an increase since 2005 of 32%
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What can children get from the Green Exchange?
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School supplies, toys and tickets for shows |
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How many trees is the recycling equivalent to? Where does the money made from recycling go? |
Money raised goes to social programmes such as employment of homeless people in recycling separant plants. Employ over 2,000 people |
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Why do we need to manage transport?
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Health - Moe air pollution as standards vary between countries. V dangerous in hot countries as = high pressure (air falls), trap pollution and poor air quality Traffic - congestion increases time cars run for. Infrastructure can't cope with number of cars and costs. Companies lose productivity as ppl late and stressed Number Cars - increased as financially easy. Rent a car for 3 years from HP and PCP |
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What strategies could be used to manage traffic in urban areas? |
Tidal Flow - number of lane vary during day Trams - aren't stopped by traffic Oyster Cards - speeds up London use Congestion Charge - if you enter areas 7am-6pm you have to pay £11.50 penalty |
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What is meant by integrated?
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An area which has linkable systems (e.g. can switch between trains to buses etc.), there are multiple different transport systems that cover a large area and are accessible to many |
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What is meant by efficient?
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Something that is a quick system that can cover a large area in a short time - there is a minimum loss of time and money |
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What is the case study for sustainable transport?
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Freiburg
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When was the first pedestrian zone established?
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1973 |
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How does Freiburg have sustainable transport? (PART A) |
Adding new routes, travel comfort, former tram system was converted into a modern city-rail system that connects almost all major city districts. 65% of people live in the catchment area of a tram stop - reduces need for cars
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Part B, how does Freiburg have sustainable transport?
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The Breisgau S-Bahn allows good and fast rail transport connections between the city and the region. At the main station, it links regional traffic to intercity railway transport - integrated transport |
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Part C, how does Freiburg have sustainable transport? |
1970, Freiburg had almost no bike paths. 2008, there is a 500km network of bike lanes and improved opportunities for cyclists: 9000 parking sites in the city, links to the local public transport network (Bike and Ride) and the bicycle city map - sustainable transport |
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Part D, how does Freiburg have sustainable transport? |
Large parts of the city centre are designated as pedestrian zones and have been entirely reconstructed. This upgrading of urban spaces will continue in the coming years |
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Part E, how does Freiburg have sustainable transport?
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Pedestrians and cyclists also benefit from extensive traffic calming measures in residential areas. Currently 90% of residents live in 30km per hour zones |
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What is urbanisation?
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The increasing proportion of people that live in towns and cities. It can be viewed at regional, national, continental and international scales |
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How does urbanisation link to economic development?
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As an area undergoes economic development, it will begin to develop its city and undergo urbanisation. Industrialisation often occurs as a city has the money to develop its own goods and businesses, encouraging rural-urban migration as jobs are readily available |
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What are the stages in the cycle of urbanisation? |
Urbanisation, Suburbanisation, Counter-Urbanisation, Re-Urbanisation |
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What is the case study for rapid urbanisation?
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Mumbai
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What are the causes of the rapid urbanisation in Mumbai?
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Started as a fishing village with access to the sea of two sides so British Colombia used it as the 'Gateway to India'. People traded through Mumbai and businesses built up, then it industrialised. Population grew rapidly from 8 million to 21 million |
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What is Dharavi?
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It is an illegal slum in Mumbai. It has its own community within 1 square mile of land. It is known for its high employment rate, happy community and extremely low crime rate |
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What are the positive consequences of the illegal slum, Dharavi? |
High employment rate 85%, everybody has opportunity to go to school and be educated, sense of community, extremely low crime rate, space efficient 1 sq mile, recycling zones better than most places, 80% of plastic waste recycled compared to 23% in UK, $665 million turnover a year, low price housing £2.50 a month to rent a home, informal economy - no specific skill, IMR 26 in Mumbai and 44 in India
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What are the negative consequences of the illegal slum, Dharavi? |
Businesses are illegal and untaxed, people exploited: not paid right, not good conditions, unsanitary area to live, sewers go straight through streets, leads to spread of disease: TB, cholera, dengue fever (500 cases a week), 5 people sleep in one room, fire prone housing, asbestos roofing |
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What are the policies and management of the urbanisation in Dharavi?
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Plan to move port to spread business, move people out of temporary housing and then rebuild, anyone living in area since 1995 gets a 300 sq foot house for free, Slum Sanitation Programme - 300 communal toilet blocks, no development unless agreement from people living in area, overhead metro line in North of city to be built
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What is suburbanisation?
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The outward growth of urban development that has engulfed surrounding villages and towns |
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What are the causes of suburbanisation? |
City is too big/crowded, bigger homes, more space, garden, own parking, perceived low crime rate, nice views, quieter & friendly environment, less pollution, lower taxes |
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What examples of suburbs are there in Lincoln?
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Ermine and Bracebridge Heath
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What is the Ermine like?
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In the North of Lincoln it was built in 1952 by local authority. It was built to meeting housing shortages after WW2. It has a church, sports field and footpaths. It is located 2km North of the city centre, has village green areas and affordable bus routes. However, houses are 1980 and have asbestos roofs. Also area known for lots of crime (burglary surge)
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What is Bracebridge Heath like?
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South of Lincoln. The asylum was built in 1852 and after 1989 it was redeveloped into big estates by private developers for private housing sale. It has a low population density and a wide range of housing (flats £100,000 and 5 bed £500,000). Multiple green areas, local amenities, near A607 and A15, 2 miles from city centre. Good bus route (1). However, huge congestion on A15 and isolation of older people
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What is happening for the future of Bracebridge Heath?
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They're planning 3,500 new homes by 2036. They've extended bus times and school (St Johns Infants has expanded). Road improvements on Cannick Hill and the by-pass has been extended to Washington |
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What are the positive impacts of suburbanisation in Lincoln?
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1. Greater availability of space in inner city for improved transport network e.g. infrastructure and ring roads on Cannick Hill and new bus 'hub' in centre 2. Derelict land cleared in inner city and unpopulated housing e.g. in West of Lincoln due to moving 3. In the rural-urban fringe the wealthy people moving there have increased demand for recreational facilities e.g. Bull Pub, expanded St.Johns Tesco 4. More space in inner city = more green spaces and parks. In Philadelphia they put lots of trees and vegetation in a new urban park which are lower cost, natural solution for storm water runoff and air pollution. So $16 million saving in annual public costs due to reduced amount of management |
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What are the negative impacts of suburbanisation in Lincoln?
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In the rural urban fringe, land increases in price as demand increases at city edge. E.g. in BBH May 2001 house on Wakefield Close was £124,000 and now sells at £280,000 Increased commuting puts pressure on roads and congestion in morning and evening on Canwick Hill and CrossOCliff City still increases in size as there is demand for low density housing e.g. 475 Ha of Greenfield land is to be built on (Canwick) 36,960 homes by 2036 |
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What is Counter-Urbanisation?
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It is the migration of people from major urban areas to smaller urban settlements and rural areas |
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How is counter urbanisation different to suburbanisation?
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Counter involves moving completely out of the limits of the city into rural area whereas suburbanisation is people moving to the outskirts of the city |
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What are the causes of counter-urbanisation? |
Problems in Urban areas, Improve Transport, Increased Technology, Ageing Population, Increased affluence, Concept of Countryside Idyll, Greenbelt restrictions, Immigration |
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What is the case study for counter urbanisation?
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St Ives |
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Where is St Ives?
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In Cambridgeshire about 70 miles north of London. It is a small town with buildings e.g. Corn exchange & All Saints Church. Lies on A1123, 8km east of Huntington and 25km northwest of Cambridge. Close to A1 trunk road and the main east coast railway line |
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What are the reasons for its growth? |
In 2008 annual standard class season ticket £3,920. Expensive, but house in London more |
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What are the social impacts of counter urbanisation in St Ives? |
More people means more houses= change, tension Higher standard of living compared to rest UK Secondary school roll increasing 3800 in 1961, 16400 in 2010 Bus services at priority times - school, market |
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What are the economic impacts of counter urbanisation in St Ives?
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Housing affordable so boom in demand, people have higher incomes, increased demand for bungalows and riverside by ageing, people like farm workers can't afford commute or increased housing - developers not building low cost homes, average detached house rose from £130,000 to £291,000 2000-2010. More high-status services |
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What are the environmental impacts of counter urbanisation in St Ives?
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Majority of land outside town centre was farmland but now built on |
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What management has taken place in St Ives?
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Build 200 new homes, 75 affordable - social rents, plans to expands primary schools make 240 new places, after flooding in 1998 and 2003 flood works £8.8 million completed in 2007 - new embankments and flood walls, £116 million guided busway linking St Ives to Huntington and Cambridge - reduce congestion, plan to extend busway to new train station in Cambridge - quicker to London reduce Pressure in Huntington
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Because of counter urbanisation, often a village can become more like a suburb of a city
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bEcAuSe of counter urbanisation often a village can become more like a suburb of a city
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What general management ideas are there for counter-urbanisation?
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Eco Towns, New Towns, Investment in Services |
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What are the aims of Eco Towns?
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They're located next to or close to large cities like London and Manchester. Intend to produce zero carbon emissions + have sustainable living. A job per household, at least 30% affordable housing, minimum 40% green space and 1/2 of space for community use. Rain collectors in each home. Aim to build 10 of these by 2020 |
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What are the requirements for a town to be an eco town?
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Must be a new settlement, separate to existing ones, provide good range of facilities e.g. secondary school, medium sized retail centre etc. A management body must help develop town and provide support for people |
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What are the reasons for opposition of an eco-town?
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Weston Otmoor, south of Bicester in Oxfordshire had concerns about loss of green belt land, and the effects new town will have on rural roads and nature conservation sites. (Otmoor is an important wetland)
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What is a New Town?
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These were planned under the New Towns Act 1946. They were set up to provide alternative housing and employment in London. They came about outside the Green Belt of London to start with, and then happened around other large cities such as Liverpool and Manchester
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How does investment in services manage counter-urbanisation?
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Mobile Library, Mobile banking, call connect; Lincolnshire bus to collect on demand The idea that you get all the services you need in one space - autonomous. With no reasons tor need to leave area so people stay |
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What is multiple deprivation?
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A combination of economic, social and environmental problems/deprivation |
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What is Urban Decline? |
It is the deterioration of the inner city often caused by lack of investment and maintenance. It is often but not exclusively accompanied by a decline in population numbers, decreasing economic performance and unemployment
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What are the causes of urban decline?
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The main cause is de-industrialisation. This happens due to external factors such as competition from abroad, new technologies, physical advantages or INTERNAL factors such as resource depletion, mechanisation, environmental degradation and civil unrest |
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What is the cycle of urban decline following de-industrialisation called? |
The negative multiplier effect or de-multiple effect |
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What are the characteristics of Urban Decline?
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Low level of participation in local democracy, empty factories, poor quality housing e.g. outside toilets, overcrowding, no heat or water, high level noise, air, water pollution, social segregation, discrimination, high outward migration, bordered up shops, Low % staying in school post 16, high crime, high unemployment rates |
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Examples of Urban Decline in London?
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London Docklands built in 1700 and closed in 1981 as too small for modern container ship. Closure led to 200,000 jobs loss. Land was contaminated from former industries e.g. Beckton Gas Works. Unemployment peaked at 28% in early 1980s. 60% of land was derelict. 83% of houses and flats owned by local authority were poor q |
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How did the population fall in Detroit, Michigan?
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Population fell from 1,850,000 in 1950 to 701,000 in 2013
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How did Detroit grow?
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From 1900 onwards, growth in car industry. Ford Motor opened River Rouge plant near Dearborn 90,000 workers. Industry attracted people from all over world as no need for education. City peaked at population of 2 million in 1950 due to WW2 boom |
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What were the causes of the urban decline in Detroit?
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Car industry left city onwards of 1950s as cheaper labour, auto plants and parts suppliers in southern US, Canada/Mexico. Major plants shut. Pollution left behind for decades no new businesses set up here. Gasoline increased in price 1970-1980. America competition from Japan and Germany. More fuel efficient models on market |
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Impacts of Urban Decline in Detroit?
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70,000 abandoned buildings, 31,000 empty houses, 90,000 vacant lots, urban blight, 1 in every 3 people below federal poverty level, almost half of children in poverty 2004, unemployment among Black people espec. youth is over 30-50%, NO public hospital for uninsured, budget cuts on health care services, 29 schools closed in summer 2008, additional 32 closed in 2010. Detroit drop out rates 68%, illiteracy rate 50%. Michigan state spends more on prison than higher education
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What is re-urbanisation?
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It is the movement of people into the city centre of inner city as part of urban regeneration |
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What does the process of re-urbanisation include?
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Movement of people into the city centre/inner city as part of large scale investment programmes aimed at urban regeneration - property led schemes and partnership scheme |
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Why would a government want to re-urbanise an area?
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Political - government want to improve areas and make positive changes Environmental - by using brownfield sites, prevent urban sprawl Economic - increase taxes with more people, solve multipler effect problems |
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What are our case studies for urban regeneration?
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Property-led regeneration scheme - London Docklands Development Corporation LDDC Partnership schemes - Park Hill, Hulme |
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What is gentrification?
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It is the process by which older, often rundown housing areas becoming desirable again and are physically and socially upgraded. It is associated with a change in neighbour composition in which lower income groups are displaced by more affluent people, usually in professional or managerial occupations
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What are some general positives of gentrification?
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Housing stock improved, multiplier effect: income increase, more purchasing power and new services open, previous house owners make a profit as house prices increase, low income groups replaced by more affluent, new residents may be more politically engaged and interested in local issues, increased employment, environmental quality improved - street furniture
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What are some general negatives of Gentrification?
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Some originals feel forced to move or don't want to live there anymore Many originals live in rented properties - landlord may sell these and put pressure on tenants to move out - displacement Low income groups struggle to buy in area |
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Where is Portland road?
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In the London area of Notting Hill. It is near the centre of London |
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What was Portland Road like before gentrification? |
In 1850's road was built between down-market Norland estate (piggeries) and fancy new Ladbroke Estate which became Notting Hill. 2/3 of residents were poor on the road. Furthest North was a gypsy camp, some homes had 48 people in. In 1927, survey shows skilled workers in South and North was 'degraded and semi-criminal'
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Why did Gentrification occur?
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In 1975 what was built in Notting Hill?
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A traffic barrier between North and South creating physical barrier between two ends that people didn't tend to cross. Marker the 100 year old social division - further causing gentrification to happen more rapidly |
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How much are properties worth in Notting Hill nowadays? What do the deprivation surveys show? |
South - within the best 20% North - within worst 5% |
