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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Islam
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means to submit one's self to the will of God.
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Bedouin
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nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on hearing camels and goats
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Shaykhs
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leaders of tribes and clans within the Bedouin society
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Mecca
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Arabian commercial center; dominated by the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam
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Baghdad
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capital of Abbasid dynasty located in modern Iraq
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Ridda Wars
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Wars following Muhammad's death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of Islam
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Qu'ran
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the word of God as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam
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Heijira (Hijra)
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flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina)
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Five Pillars
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the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims
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Hajj
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pilgrimage to Mecca
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Ali
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cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one to the orthodox caliphs, focus for Shi'is
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Abu Bakr
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succeed Muhammad as the first caliph
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Jihad
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Islamic holy war
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Battle of Siffin
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battle fought in 657 between Ali and the Umayyads; led to negotiations that fragmented Ali's party
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Sunnis
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followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; include the Umayyads
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Shi'a
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followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam
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Abbasid
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dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam
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ayan
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the wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of the Abbasid rule
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dhimmis
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"people of the book" applied as inclusive term for Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Hindus and Zoroastrians
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Karbala
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site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'i resistance to Umayyad caliphate
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Mawali
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non-Arab converts to Islam
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Mu'awiya
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leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali
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umma
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community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity
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Wazir
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chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire
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zakat
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tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims
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