Workbook Procedures

Front 1

found in each lobe

Back 1

segment

Front 2

where vessels enter a lung

Back 2

hilum

Front 3

superior portion of the lung

Back 3

apex

Front 4

inferior portion of the thoracic cavity

Back 4

diaphragm

Front 5

respiratory organ

Back 5

lung

Front 6

major airway tube

Back 6

trachea

Front 7

number of lobes in the right lung

Back 7

three

Front 8

side of lung where vessels enter

Back 8

medial

Front 9

double-walled, serous membrane sac

Back 9

pleura

Front 10

respiratory sacs

Back 10

alveoli

Front 11

anterior bony wall of the miediastinum

Back 11

sternum

Front 12

area between the lungs

Back 12

mediastinum

Front 13

mediastinal organ

Back 13

heart

Front 14

mediastinal blood vessel

Back 14

aorta

Front 15

major section of a lung

Back 15

lobe

Front 16

this lung has two lobes

Back 16

left

Front 17

inferior part of a lung

Back 17

base

Front 18

pertaining to the chest cavoty

Back 18

thoracic

Front 19

these branch from the trachea

Back 19

bronchi

Front 20

sperates a lung into lobes

Back 20

fissure

Front 21

which cavity contains the heart and lungs

Back 21

thoracic

Front 22

which structures seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

Back 22

diaphragm

Front 23

which part of the thoracic cavity contains all thoracic organs except the lungs and the pleurae?

Back 23

mediastinum

Front 24

which bony structure forms the anterior border of the mediastinum

Back 24

sternum

Front 25

what mediastinal structure consists of C-shaped cartilaginous rings?

Back 25

trachea

Front 26

what area of the trachea divides into two lesser tubes?

Back 26

carina

Front 27

what structures branch from the distal end of the trachea

Back 27

primary bronchi

Front 28

which primary bronchus is shorter and wider than the other

Back 28

right lung

Front 29

what thoracic structures are the organs of respiration

Back 29

lungs

Front 30

what is the name of the medial aspect of each lung inwhich the primary bronchus enters

Back 30

hilum

Front 31

what is the name of the superior portion of each lung?

Back 31

apex

Front 32

which structures are at the terminal end of the respiratory system

Back 32

alveoli

Front 33

how many lobes are found in the right lung? left lung?

Back 33

right-3
left=2

Front 34

why is the right lung shorter and wider than the left one?

Back 34

becuase of its close proximity to the heart and the liver

Front 35

name the three portions of the pleura?

Back 35

inner layer-visceral pleura
outer layer- parietal pleura
space between layers- pleural cavity

Front 36

what is the recommended SID for a chest PA and lateral projection

Back 36

72 inches... to reduce magnification of the thoracic structures

Front 37

why is is perferable to have the patient upright for a chest PA and lateral projection?

Back 37

to allow the diaphragm to reach its lowest level and to prevent engorgement of the pulmonary vessels.

Front 38

which body plane should be perpendicular and centered to the midline of the image receptor?

Back 38

midsaggital

Front 39

with reference to the patient, where should the upper border of the IR be placed (chest PA/LAT projection)

Back 39

about 1 1/2 to 2 inches above the top of the shoulders

Front 40

what is the purpose of depressing the shoulders? (chest PA/LAT projection)

Back 40

to keep the clavicals below the apecies

Front 41

why should the shoulders be rotated forward? (chest PA/LAT projection)

Back 41

to move the scapulae laterally away from the lung fields

Front 42

what special positioning instructions may be given to a woman with large, pendulous breasts to avoid superimposing the lower part of the lung fields. (chest PA/LAT projection)

Back 42

instruct the patient to pull her breasts upward and laterally

Front 43

what is most likely to happen to the image if the patient were to remove one shoulder from contact with the grid device prior to the exposure of the radiograph. (chest PA/LAT projection)

Back 43

the sternal ends of the clavicals would no longer be equidistant from the vertebral column

Front 44

how and where should the central ray be directed. (chest PA/LAT projection)

Back 44

perpindicular to the center of the IR and midsaggital plane at the level of T 7

Front 45

breathing insructions (chest PA/LAT projection)

Back 45

take in a breath and blow it out, then take in another full breath and hold it. (suspend respiration after the second full inspiration)

Front 46

significance of breathing instructions

Back 46

the greatest area of lung structures is demonstrated in full expansion and without strain after the patient suspends breathing on a second inspiration

Front 47

list two reasons why exposures can be made affter both inspiration and expiration

Back 47

to demomstrate pneumothorax or to check for a foreign body

Front 48

to demonstrate the heart. why should the exposure be made after normal inspiration rather than deep inspiration

Back 48

to prevent elongation of the heart caused by a full inferior movement of the diaphragm

Front 49

how many posterior ribs should be seen above the diaphragm with proper full inspiration?

Back 49

10

Front 50

1-4 critical evaluations criteria that indicate a patient was positioned proerly for a PA projection.

Back 50

the trachea should be visible in the midline
the heart and the diaphragm should show sharp outlines.
10 posterior ribs should be shown above the diaphragm
the scapeula should be projected outside of the lung field

Front 51

5-8 critical evaluations criteria that indicate a patient was positioned proerly for a PA projection.

Back 51

the exposure should clrearly demonstrate the lung field
the entire lung field from the apecies to the costophrenic angles should be seen
No rotation; the sternal ends of the clavicals should be equidistant from the vertebral column
a faint shadow of the ribs and superior thoracic vertebrae should be seen through the shadow of the heart

Front 52

(lateral projection) Which thoracic structures are of primary interest with the left lateral projection

Back 52

heart and the left lung f

Front 53

which thoracic structure is of primary interest in the right lateral projection

Back 53

right lung

Front 54

what body plane should be perpindicular and centered to the midline of the IR(lateral projection)

Back 54

midcoronal

Front 55

describe how thee patients arms should be postioned(lateral projection)

Back 55

extend the arms directly upward, flex the elbows, and with the forearm resting of the elbows, hold the arms in this position

Front 56

how far above the shoulders should the upper border of the IR be placed?(lateral projection)

Back 56

1 1/2 to 2 inches

Front 57

what breathing instructions should be given to the patient?(lateral projection)

Back 57

suspend breathing after the second full inspiration

Front 58

how and where should the CR be directed and centered?(lateral projection)

Back 58

perpindicular to the midline of the IR, entering the patient at the midcoronal plane at t7

Front 59

True/false the midsagittal plane should be placed perpindicular to the plane of the IR
(lateral projection)

Back 59

False the midsagittal plane should be parallel with the plane of the IR

Front 60

A lateral projection radiograph of the chest should be placed on an illuminator so that the side of the patient where the centeral ray entered is nearer the viewer(lateral projection)

Back 60

true

Front 61

T/F the patients heart will apear larger in the right lateral projection radiograph than in the left lateral projection radiograph

Back 61

true

Front 62

1-4 evalutation criteria that indicate the patient was positioned properly for a lateral projection

Back 62

1. the heart and the diophragm should be seen in sharp outline
2. the sternum should be seen in lateral view without rotations
3. penetration of lung fields and heart should be clearly seen
4the ribs shouls be superimposed posterior to the vertebral column

Front 63

5-9 evalutation criteria that indicate the patient was positioned properly for a lateral projection

Back 63

neither the arm nor its soft tissues overlap the superior lung field
the hilum should be seen in the center of the radiograph
the thoracic intervertebral spaces shoud be open
the costophrenic angles and lower apecies of lungs should be clearly demonstrated
the long axis of lung fields should be demonstarted int he vertical position without forward/backward leaning

Front 64

what is the name of the area between the two pleural cavities?

Back 64

mediastinum

Front 65

what structure is not demonstrated within the mediastinum in PA projection of the chest?

Back 65

diaphragm

Front 66

which pathologic condition of the lung involves the replacement of air with fluid in the lung interstitium and aveoli?

Back 66

pulmonary edema

Front 67

why should the chest be performed with a 72 inch SID

Back 67

to minimize magnification of the heart

Front 68

why should the chest be performed after the pateint has suspended respiration after the second inspiratioin?

Back 68

to better expand the lungs

Front 69

with refernce to the IR, how are the midsagittal plane and the midcoronal plane positioned for the PA projection of the chest?

Back 69

midsaggital: perpindicular
midcoronal:parallel

Front 70

for the PA projection of the chest, which positioning maneuver should be performed to best remove scapula from lung field

Back 70

rotate the shoulders forward

Front 71

why would the chest most likely be demonstrated using two PA projections ( in which the patient is seen in suspended inspiration and suspended expiration)

Back 71

to demonstrate a pneumothorax

Front 72

which of the following way is an effective way to detect rotation of the patient with the PA projection radiograph of the chest

Back 72

the assymentrical appearance of the sternoclavicular joints

Front 73

For which projection of the chest should the midsagittal plane be parallel with the IR

Back 73

lateral projection

Front 74

with refence to the IR how are the midcoronal plane and midsagittal plane postioned for the lateral projection of the chest

Back 74

midcoronal:perpindicular
midsagittal:parallel

Front 75

which projection of the chest best demonstrates lung apecies free from superimposed with the clavicals

Back 75

AP axial projection lordotic position (lindblom meathod)

Front 76

how many degrees should the patient be rotated for PA oblique projection of the chest to evalute the heart and great vessels?

Back 76

RAO 45 degrees LAO 55 to 60 degrees

Front 77

how many degreess should the patient be rotated for PA oblique projections of the chest to evauluate the lungs?

Back 77

RAO: 45 degrees
LAO: 45 degrees

Front 78

using a lateral decubitus position for patients who are unable to stand upright best demonstrates which of the following pathologic conditions of the chest

Back 78

air or fluid levels

Front 79

with refence to the IR how are the midsagittal plane and the midcoronal plane positoined for the AP chest ( left lateral decubitusposition)

Back 79

midsagittal: perpindicular
midcoronal: parallel

Front 80

which pathologic condition of the lungs is best demonstrated with the ap chest, right lateral decubitus position

Back 80

free air in the left side or fluid levels in the right side

Front 81

which radiograogic postion requires that the patient be placed supine with the IR placed vertically against the patient's right side and a horizontal central ray directed to the center of the IR

Back 81

dorsal decubitus

Front 82

what radiographic position requires that the patient be placed prone>

Back 82

ventral decubitus

Front 83

which evaluation criterion pertains to the PA projection radiogrpah of the chest

Back 83

ten posterior ribs should be visible above the diaphragm

Front 84

which evaluation criterion pertains to the PA projection radiograph of the chest

Back 84

the scapula should be projected outside the lung field

Front 85

which evaluation criterion pertains to the lateral projection of the chest

Back 85

the ribs posterior to the vertebral column should be superimposed

Front 86

which evaluation criterion pertains to the AP axial projection, lordotic postion radiograph of the chest

Back 86

the ribs should appear distorted

Front 87

which evaluation criterion pertains to the AP axial projection, lordotic postion radiograph of the chest

Back 87

the clavicals should lie superior to the apecies

Front 88

Pa oblique: right anterior oblique(RAO) and left anterior oblique (LAO) which side the one closer or the one farther from the IR is generally the side of interest?

Back 88

the one farther from the IR

Front 89

which side of the chest right or left is of primary interest with the PA oblique projection RAO postion

Back 89

left

Front 90

with refence to the patient where should the upper border of the IR be placed?( PA oblique projections RAO LAO)

Back 90

1 1/2 to 2 inches above the vertebral promins

Front 91

when performing the PA oblique projection, RAO position, how many degrees should the patient be rotated

Back 91

45 degrees

Front 92

what determmins how many degrees the patient shoauld be roated for the PA oblique LAO position

Back 92

the desires structures to be deomstrated ( more rotation oftent the heart is of primary interest)

Front 93

when performing the PA oblique projection LAO position, to demonstrate lungs, how many degrees should the patient be rotated?

Back 93

45

Front 94

when performing the PA oblique projection LAO position, to demonstrate the heart and the great vessels how many degreees should the patient be rotated?

Back 94

55 to 60

Front 95

with refernce to the patient respiration, when should the exposure be made

Back 95

after the second full inspiration

Front 96

what level of the patient should the CR be diected

Back 96

T7

Front 97

wich PA oblique projection provides the best view of the left atrium and the entire left branch of the bronchial tree

Back 97

right PA oblique projectin (RAO position)

Front 98

T/F when viewing a PA oblique projection radiiograph, the patients left side should be toward the viewer's right side

Back 98

true

Front 99

when viewing a PA oblique projection radiiograph (LAO position) the left lung should be partially superimposed by the spine

Back 99

true

Front 100

the heart and the midastinal structures should be clearly demomstrated within the lung field of the elevated side in oblique images of 45 degrees of body rotation

Back 100

true

Front 101

which side the one closer or the one farther from the IR is generally the side of interst?
(AP oblique projections right posterior oblique RPO and lfeft posterior oblique LPO positions)

Back 101

the one closer to the IR

Front 102

Which AP obliques image the RPO or the LPO position demonstrates the maximum area of the left lung
(AP oblique projections right posterior oblique RPO and lfeft posterior oblique LPO positions)

Back 102

left AP oblique ( LPO position)

Front 103

what is the minium recommemded SID(AP oblique projections right posterior oblique RPO and lfeft posterior oblique LPO positions)

Back 103

72 inches

Front 104

which Ap oblique projection produces an image very similar to that produced by the PA oblique projection RAO position

Back 104

AP oblique projection LPO position

Front 105

how many degrees should the patient be rotated (AP oblique projections right posterior oblique RPO and lfeft posterior oblique LPO positions)

Back 105

45 degrees

Front 106

how far above the shoulders should the upper border of the IR be placed (AP oblique projections right posterior oblique RPO and lfeft posterior oblique LPO positions)

Back 106

1 1/2 to 2 inches above the vertebral promins or about 5 inches above the jugular notch

Front 107

what breathing instructions should be given to the patient(AP oblique projections right posterior oblique RPO and lfeft posterior oblique LPO positions)?

Back 107

stop breathing after the second full inspiration

Front 108

to what level of the patient should the CR be directed
(AP oblique projections right posterior oblique RPO and lfeft posterior oblique LPO positions)

Back 108

3 inches below the jugular notch

Front 109

what is the recommened SID
(AP projection)

Back 109

72 inches or 60 depending on the equiptment limitations

Front 110

what body plane should be centered to the midline of the IR
(AP projection)

Back 110

midsagittal

Front 111

with reference to the patient where should the IR be placed?
(AP projection)

Back 111

the upper border of the IR should be placed 1 1/2 to 2 inches about the relaxed shoulders

Front 112

if the patients condition permits, how should the arms be positioned?
(AP projection)

Back 112

with the elbows flexed, pronate the hands and place them on the hips to draw the scapula laterally

Front 113

what breathing instructions should be given to the patient
(AP projection)

Back 113

stop breathing after the second full inspiration

Front 114

why should the patient perform the recommened breathing instructions
(AP projection)

Back 114

to ensure maxium expansion of the lungs

Front 115

to what level of the patient should the CR be directed(AP projection)

Back 115

3 inches below the jugular notch

Front 116

AP versus PA
heart and great vessels?

Back 116

the heart and great vessels appear somewhat magnified

Front 117

Ap versus PA
lungs

Back 117

the lung field appears shorted

Front 118

Ap versus PA
clavicals

Back 118

the clavicals are projected higher

Front 119

Ap verus PA
ribs

Back 119

assume a more horizontal appearance

Front 120

1-3 evaluation criteria that the patient was positioned
properly for an AP projection

Back 120

the trachea should be seen in the midline
the lung field should be seen from the apecies to the costophrenic angles
the medial portion of the clavicals should be equidistant from the vertebral column

Front 121

4-6 evaluation criteria that the patient was positioned
properly for an AP projection

Back 121

a faint image of the ribs and thoracic vertebrae should be seen through the heart shadow
The clavicals will lie more horizontally and will obscure more of the apeccies than in the PA projections
The distant from the vertebral column to the lateral border of the ribs should be equidistant on both sides

Front 122

(AP axial projection, lordotic position) which portion of the lungs is generally the area of primary interest

Back 122

apex

Front 123

(AP axial projection, lordotic position) descrivbe how the patient should be positioned

Back 123

witht the patient standing and facing the x ray tube, instruct the patient to move about 1 foot in front of the vertical grid device and lean backward, placing the upper back in contact with the grid device. The elbows should be flexed and the posterior surface of the hand should be placed on hips to better rotate the shoulders forward

Front 124

(AP axial projection, lordotic position) What breathing instructions should be given>

Back 124

stop breathing after the second full inspiration

Front 125

(AP axial projection, lordotic position) where should the centeral ray enterr the patient

Back 125

on the midsagittal plane on the mid sternum

Front 126

1-3 evaulaution criteria to see if the patient was positioned properly for an AP axial projection and lordotic position

Back 126

the clavicals should lie superiorly to the apecies
the apecies and lungs should be included in their entirely
the sternal ends of the clavicals should be equidistant from the vertebral column

Front 127

4 and 5evaulaution criteria to see if the patient was positioned properly for an AP axial projection and lordotic position

Back 127

the ribs should appear distorted with their anterior and posterior portion shomwhat superimposed

Front 128

(lateral decubitus position) what is the general purpose for using this position

Back 128

to demonstrate air or fluid levels in the thorax

Front 129

(lateral decubitus position)
T/F the patient can be postioned upright in lateral decubitus position

Back 129

False the patient must be on their side in lateral decubitus position

Front 130

(lateral decubitus position)
T/F the IR must be placed veritcally against the patient

Back 130

true

Front 131

(lateral decubitus position)
T/F the projection must be either AP or PA

Back 131

true

Front 132

(lateral decubitus position)
T/F the central ray must be directed horiztonally

Back 132

true

Front 133

(lateral decubitus position)
T/F the affected side should be up to demonstrate fluid level

Back 133

false to demonstrate fluid level the affected side must be down

Front 134

(lateral decubitus position)
T/F both sides should be seen in their entirley

Back 134

false only the affected side needs to be seen enitrly

Front 135

(lateral decubitus position)
if fluid in the right side of thorax needs to be deomstrated with a lateral ducubitus position in which body position should the patient be placed?

Back 135

right lateral recumbent

Front 136

which side of the thorax, right or left, will best demonstrate free air when the patient is in the left lateral decubitus position

Back 136

right

Front 137

to demonstarte free air in the thorax with a lateral decubutus position, why is it perferable to position the pateint with the affected side up instead of with the affected side down

Back 137

to enable free air in the thorax to rise and to be better visulaized against the lateral border of the ribs instead of overlying the vertebral column

Front 138

(lateral decubitus position) what breathing instructions should be given to the patient

Back 138

stop breathing after the second full inspiration

Front 139

1-3 evalution criteria to indicate that the patient was postioned proprerly for a lateral decubitus postion

Back 139

the apecies should be included
the affected side should be included in its entirely
the patient should not be rotated from its true frontal postion

Front 140

4 and 5evalution criteria to indicate that the patient was postioned proprerly for a lateral decubitus postion

Back 140

the patients arms should be removed from the field of interest
proper indentification should be visible to indicate that the decubitus position was used

Front 141

(ventral and dorsal decubitus)
for the dorsal decubitus position the patient must be placed in what postion

Back 141

supine

Front 142

for the ventral decubitus position the patient must be placed in

Back 142

the prone position

Front 143

in addition to being perpindicular to the IR the central ray must also be directed ( ventral dorsal decubitus)

Back 143

horizontally

Front 144

(ventral and dorsal decubitus) how much should the thorax be elevated

Back 144

2-3 inches

Front 145

(ventral and dorsal decubitus) how long should the patient remain in this position

Back 145

5 mins to allow the fluid to settle or the air to rise

Front 146

(ventral and dorsal decubitus) with refecnce to the patient how and where should the IR be placed

Back 146

vertically with the top of the IR at the level of the thyroid cartilage

Front 147

(ventral and dorsal decubitus) How should the patients arms be positioned

Back 147

extend the arms well above the head

Front 148

(ventral and dorsal decubitus) concerning respiration when should the exposure be made

Back 148

after the second full inspiration

Front 149

where shoud the CR enter the patient (ventral and dorsal decubitus)

Back 149

on the midcoronal plane approx 3-4 inches distal to the jugular notch for the dorsal decubutus and at T7 for ventral decubitus

Front 150

1-4 evaluation criteria to indicate that the patient was positioned properly for a dorsal/ventral decubutis position

Back 150

the arms should not obscure the upper lung field
the thorax should not be rotated from a true lateral postion
proper identification should be visible to indicate that the decubitus position was used
the entire lung field includiing the anterior and posterior surfaces should be demonstarted