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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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bacterium
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large group of unicellular living microorganisms
--reproduce by cell division --grow on organic and non-organic matter |
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bacterial infection
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--occurs when harmful bacteria enters the body, external bacteria comes into the body, or existing bacteria gets out of balance
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anatomical barriers
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skin
mucous membranes tears earwax stomach acid urine |
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immune systems
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white blood cells and antibodies identify and try to eliminate bacteria
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antibiotics
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bacteriocidal, bacteriostatic, kill bacteria
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bacteriocidal
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kill bacteria
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bacteriostatic
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interrupt their growth and ability to multiply
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virus
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nonliving organisms; capusles of genetic material that inject into the cell, attack a host cell, and produce copies of the original virus at a fast rate that may eventually kill the first cells
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4 stages of the viral cycle
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absorption, liberation, replication, transcription
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retrovirus
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rna genetic information is copied or transcribed into the DNA of a host cell
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b-cells
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bone marrow; in charge of the immune system and found in bone marrow; will produce antibodies to attack a specific virus
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t cells
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found in the thymus, in the chest adn behind the sternum
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t-helper cells
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assist the t-cells; they stimulate them to signal B-cells to produce antibodies; point out the virus
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HIV/AIDS affects these:
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specifically attacks T-helper cells
without a supply of t-helper cells, the immune system cannot work--t-helper cells do not stimulate t-cells, t-cells do not signal b cells, b0cells do not produce antibodies |
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HIV positive
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normal t-cell count is about 500 cells
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AIDS
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T-cells below 200; immune system is highly compromised
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hormones
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released by the endocrine glands; travel through the bloodstream; affect organs and cells
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vagina
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estrogen--
epithelium becomes thicker vaginal secretions are more acidic progesterone-- no dramatic changes |
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cervix
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estrogen--
cervical glands produce a clear watery mucous and low visconsity the right environment to facilitate the sperm to get into the uterus progesterone-- cervical mucous becomes sticky prevents passage of sperm through cervical canal |
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uterus
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estrogen--
endometrium is stimulated to grow, increased number of cells, increase in size of existing cells, slight increase in uterine contraction progesterone prepare endometrium for implantation of a fallopian ovum, discourages uterine contractions so a zygote can be retained |
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hyperplasia
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increased number of cells
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hypertrophy
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increase in size of existing cells
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fallopian tubes
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estrogen--
lining of tubes becomes the right environment for fertilization tubes are thicker but slippery; the cilia beat towards uterus once fertilized progesterone-- hard environment for fertilization; we already have fertilization, reduced mobility of cilia, discouraged fertilization |
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breast
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estrogen--
growth of duct tissue, increased fat disposition progesterone-- |
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bones
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estrogen--
stronger bones |
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heart/circulation system
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estrogen--
lowers blood cholesterol may protect against heart disease |
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menstrual cycle
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begins with the first day of bleeding; lasts until the beginning of next cycle--25-36 days; avr. 28; bleeding 3-7 days
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hypothalamus
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releases FSH-RF and GnRH
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anterior pituitary gland
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releases FSH and LH
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ovaries
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produce estrogen, progesterone, and androgens (testosterone)
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fSH-RF
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follicle stimulating hormone releaseing factor
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GnRH
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gonadal releasing hormone
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FSH
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follicle stimulating hormone
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LH
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lutenizing hormone
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ovarian cycle
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follicular phase
ovulation luteal phase |
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follicular phase
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varies in length
main event: development of follicles in ovaries Main hormones: FSH-RF/later estrogen |
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ovulation
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main event: release of the egg
main hormone: LH |
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luteal phase
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lasts 14 days
main event: avoid another ovulation main hormone: progesterone |
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endometrial cycle
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menstrual phase, priliferatory phase, progestational phase
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