Women's Health

Front 1

define molimina.

Back 1

symptoms of ovulation: breast tenderness, pelvic pain, increased thin vaginal discharge

Front 2

define climacteric.

Back 2

the time in a woman's life in which the menstrual cycle ends or a period in a man's life corresponding to menopause

Front 3

define primigravida

Back 3

a woman who has become pregnant for the first time regardless of whether or not the fetus is eventually miscarried or aborted.

Front 4

define primipara

Back 4

A woman in her first pregnancy

Front 5

define menorrhagia

Back 5

menstrual blood loss greater than 80 mL

Front 6

define metrorrhagia

Back 6

light bleeding from the uterus at irregular intervals

Front 7

define menometrorrhagia

Back 7

refers to heavy bleeding from the uterus at irregular intervals

Front 8

define oligomenorrhea

Back 8

reduction in frequency of menstrual bleeding (< 6 menses/year)

Front 9

define polymenorrhea

Back 9

increased frequency of menses

Front 10

what is FDLMP?

Back 10

first day last menstrual period

Front 11

what is PMP?

Back 11

prior menstrual period

Front 12

what is HC?

Back 12

hormonal contraception

Front 13

what is IUCD?

Back 13

intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD)

Front 14

why is cipro contraindicated in pregnancy?

Back 14

it is a DNA gyrase inhibitor (Antibiotic, Ophthalmic; Antibiotic, Otic; Antibiotic, Quinolone)

Front 15

what is the failure rate of tubal ligation?

Back 15

9 per 1000

Front 16

what kills women?

Back 16

MVA due to texting while driving, alcohol, domestic abuse

Front 17

what is the treatment of endometriosis?

Back 17

Empiric medical therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, oral contraceptives, or GnRH agonists

Front 18

what is suspected when a woman bleeds after sex?

Back 18

cancer or PID

Front 19

how are oral contraceptives different today then they were 20 years ago?

Back 19

the decrease in both estrogen and progestin content in the last decade (so-called second generation OCs) has led to a reduction in both side effects and cardiovascular complications

Front 20

what is responsible for the androgenic activity in oral contraceptives?

Back 20

All of these testosterone-derived progestins bind to the androgen receptor and have some residual androgenic activity. The adverse metabolic effects of OCs, such as the reduction in serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations, are the result of the androgenic activity of the progestin. New progestins have been developed with less androgenic activity.

Front 21

what is the general mechanism of action for oral contraceptives?

Back 21

the most important mechanism for providing contraception is estrogen-induced inhibition of the midcycle surge of gonadotropin secretion, so that ovulation does not occur. Combination OCs are potent in this regard, but progestin-only pills are not.

Front 22

what are the absolute contraindications for oral contraceptives?

Back 22

Previous thromboembolic event or stroke, History of an estrogen-dependent tumor, Active liver disease, Pregnancy, Undiagnosed abnormal uterine bleeding, Hypertriglyceridemia, Women over age 35 years who smoke heavily

Front 23

what are the relative contraindications for oral contraceptives?

Back 23

poorly controlled hypertension, gallbladder disease, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and women receiving anticonvulsant drug therapy. The World Health Organization recommends that oral contraceptives not be used in women over age 35 with migraines, or in women of any age with migraines with aura

Front 24

what are the noncontraceptive benefits to taking oral contraceptives?

Back 24

improvement in: Disorders related to menstrual cycle (menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, PMS, menstrual migraine), hyperandrogenism (acne, hirsutism), gynecologic disorders (Bleeding due to leiomyomas, Pelvic pain due to endometriosis), cancer risk (Decreased risk of endometrial cancer, colon, and ovarian cancer), and ovarian cysts

Front 25

what are the 3 groups of neurotransmitters which modify the release of GnRH?

Back 25

norepinephrine (+), dopamine (-), and endorphins (-)

Front 26

what are the most common causes of vaginal discharge in premenopausal women?

Back 26

Bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomonas vaginitis

Front 27

what is the definition of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis?

Back 27

four or more episodes of infection per year

Front 28

define endometriosis

Back 28

the presence of endometrial glands and stroma at extrauterine sites. These ectopic endometrial implants are usually located in the pelvis, but can occur nearly anywhere in the body.

Front 29

define endometrioma

Back 29

usually present as a pelvic mass arising from growth of ectopic endometrial tissue within the ovary. They typically contain thick brown tar-like fluid (hence the name "chocolate cyst") and are often densely adherent to surrounding structures, such as the peritoneum, fallopian tubes, and bowel. An endometrioma may be associated with symptoms of endometriosis (eg, pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and dyspareunia) or identified at the time of evaluation for a pelvic mass or infertility. A woman with a ruptured endometrioma may initially present with peritoneal signs and symptoms, elevated white blood cell count, and low grade fever, similar to patients with acute pelvic inflammatory disease or appendicitis.

Front 30

describe the theories for the pathogenesis of endometriosis

Back 30

1) implantation theory (endometrial tissue from the uterus is shed during menstruation and transported through the fallopian tubes, thereby gaining access to and implanting on pelvic structures), 2) direct transplantation theory (the probable explanation for endometriosis that develops in episiotomy, cesarean section, and other scars after surgery) 3) in locations outside the pelvis is explained by dissemination of endometrial cells or tissue through lymphatics and blood vessels 4) coelomic metaplasia theory (the coelomic (peritoneal) cavity contains undifferentiated cells or cells capable of dedifferentiating into endometrial tissue)

Front 31

describe the symptoms of endometriosis

Back 31

Pain is the most common symptom, dysmenorrhea, deep dyspareunia, bowel/bladder symproms, abnormal bleeding, fatigue, low back pain

Front 32

how is endometriosis diagnosed?

Back 32

direct laparoscopic visualization reveals superficial powder-burn or gunshot lesions on the ovaries, serosal surfaces, and peritoneum (especially the posterior cul-de-sac, uterosacral ligaments, and ovarian fossa [80]). The lesions are black, dark-brown, or bluish puckered lesions, nodules or small cysts containing old hemorrhage surrounded by a variable extent of fibrosis.

Front 33

what is the protocol for patients with secondary amenorrhea?

Back 33

1) rule out pregnancy 2) measure tsh 3) measure prolactin 4) perform medroxyprogesterone acetate challenge

Front 34

what are friedrich’s criteria and what do they diagnose?

Back 34

severe pain on vestibular touch or vaginal entry, tenderness localized within the vestibule, physical findings of erythema. These criteria are suggestive of vestibular adenitis

Front 35

what is curettage?

Back 35

removal of tissue by scraping or scooping