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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Liberal Feminism
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Liberal Feminism
Cultural very influential in the psych of women They said that women have intirstic values that are different from men but they should be given more value in society We should try to increase the respect and values of these kinds of traits I/e caring and nurturing) They said that in becoming androgynous women should not lose these qualities and spread them to men |
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Feminism
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People in favor of males and females being treated equally
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Radical Feminist
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argued that men and women should be separate from each other, they should have there own institutions because men were just hopeless and impossible.
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Sex
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biological make/female
can be categorized by genes Defined be sex organs |
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Gender
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Social categories between male and female based on culture and values of your society, is not biological but psychological. And not physiological
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Similarities Perspective
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Perspective generally believes that women and men are more similar to men than not in social and intellectual skills
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Differences perspective
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generally believes that men and women are more different than alike in social and intellectual skills
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Gender Typing
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As children get older they learn about themselves, who they are, how they are "supposed to act", and what is appropriate gender-specific behavior. Gender typing is when children acquire these masculine and/or feminine roles and identify with these roles. There are different degrees to which children exhibit these roles, but we do exhibit masculine or feminine traits, which is gender-typing
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Stereotypes
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The features we assign to different people and they are likely to have these attributes and are generally related to gender roles
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Five characteristics of women
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Nurturing, Emotional, ambitious, intelligent, hard working
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Five characteristics of men
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Rebellious intelligent ambitious straightforward aggressive
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Sterotypes
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lead to sexism: negative attitudes towards masculine or feminine traits… leads to two types of discrimination
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Benelovent sexism
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believes that women need special treatment because they are pure weak or helpless.
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Hostile Sexism
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Men women people should hold certain jobs and know their place
Stereotype threat: occurs when you feel like your being negatively judged by your gender |
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Gender role strain
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when there is a conflict between your true inclinations and your knowledge of the stereotypes and what these stereotypes tell you to do
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Gender identity
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our sense of self in that we are gendered. Knowing how girls are supposed to act and doing it.
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Doing gender
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expressing ourselves as either a female or male through actions
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True womanhood
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Piety Purity, domesticity, submissive
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First Period of psychology
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1879-1936
Wundt 1879 satarted research but didnt include women children or animals 1894 Ellis Sex differences man and women (book) difference theory believed men were smarte than women biologically because of brain size |
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Teneman Cox miles
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founder of IQ testing in US in 1936 Developed Stanford Bennett testing.
Found that Women and Women were equal Differences in personality rather than intelligence |
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Period 2
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1936 until 1950 devopled test to tell whether someone was high in masculine or feminine traits
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Period 3
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1960's feminine mystique,
two trends difference perpsectives & androgeny |
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Period 4
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decrease in fmeinsm and androgeny
nature vs nurture |
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Roman times
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female and male gods with eother masculine or feminine qualiteis
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Biblical times
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Old Testament:
Eve came from Adamns rib eve cause downfall and bad times eve temptress New Testament: Female are pious supporting and caring |
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Victorian period industrial revolution
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males went of to work
produced idea of men and women that are still present |
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True man hood
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No Sissy stuff- a boy that is too feminine
Big wheel men should have quest for power sturdy oak- reliable, dependable Give em hell: men are trouble makers |
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Agency
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Male characteristics cluster around self confidence, aggressive, take charge, competive
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Commuion
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Female traits are linked to concern for others.
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Sterotypes to components
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descriptive and prescritpive
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Descriptive
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represent the set of features that go with a certain group Ie how a girl should look
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Prescriptive
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What sterotypes tell what people should do
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Discrimination
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the actions of our bias
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BEM sexual role inventory (explicit)
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Sandra BEM Had the IDEa that there are masculine and female traits and you can be high or low on either characteristics
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Implicit (Spiel)
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designed to set you at a subconscious, more automatic level, as opposed to conscious level
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File drawer response
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Somethings aren't published
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box score
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you count the number of studies vs another
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meta anylis
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large mathematical approach
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Cognitive domain
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thinking skills, school related skill, verbal skill,
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Binet Piaget
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interested in studying the brain and developing standardized measures to study intellignece, with a goal to develop a way to place children in school
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WESTELER TEST
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spatial abilites, understanding shapes and figures
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Spatial perception
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abiltiy to see horizontal lines
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mental rotation
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ability realize objects of they are rotated
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spatial visulaization
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finding hidden images or imagin the effects of folding twisting
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who is better in spatial relation?
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boys
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Achievement motivation
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desire to accomplish or achieve
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Horner
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women and men approach achievement
women have fear of success compared |
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Heins delmia
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kolhberg.
Precoventional level Conventional Level postconvential level |
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proconvential level
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kids focused on consuqences
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conventional level
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kids concerned with law & order
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postconvential
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children argue their pwn thoughst beliefs and ideals
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Karen Gilligan
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disagreed with kohlberg, posed women learned form different perspective, men learned from justice perspective and women learned from care perspective
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Agression
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actions or behavoirs taken intended to hurt someone
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Hostile agression
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acting on somebody
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Relational
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hurt perosn through socail means
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instrumental
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using agression to to get something to accomplish goal to hurt someone
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ways to study agression
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crime rate, child play
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Cahill
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when you look at men and women brains there is a difference in the structure, believes ther are more differences than similarites in the brain
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Brain latarization
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certain functions are assinged to the right hemisphere and other to the left
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Freud Stages
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1st oral (0-2)
2nd Anal (2-4)... these two show no differences in male and female 3rd Phallic Stage (4-5) changes in mlae and female 4th stage :latency stage (6-puberty) 5th stage:( genital satge) Puberty onwards |
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Bus
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Males and females are different due to past and human development, the gender divide was advantageous
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cognitiv nueorscience approach
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encoded in our DNA that ther are particular genes that are responsible for certain behavoirs
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3 components of love
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1. Passion- Strong attraction between people. When we are falling in love passion is high and may go down as time passes or it can be merged with other components.
2. Intimacy: emotional closeness. 3. Commitment: the sense that the person is important and you want to be with this person you want to be in a relationship with |
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PAssion love/ obsession love
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strong physical attraction to someone in a sense that you want to possess that person and want them to "be yours" High on attraction, but not necessarily high on intimacy or high on commitment
Passion love is considered too physical and too obsessive |
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Romantic love is the...
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More ideal version of passion love
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Romantic love is high on...
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Passion and initmacy but may not last long
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Fatuous love
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superficial and not deep relationship
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Companionate love
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intimacy comes before passion
i. High in companionate high in intimacy than later in compassion ii. Women want commitment love but men tend to want fatuous iii. Our culture believe that romantic love is ideal, but not all cultures are this way 1) Other cultures value commitment then passion and intiamcy 2) It is fairly recent that romantic live script became popular 3) The man is who initiaites romantic love |
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Who is more likey to experience love at first sight?
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men
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Who is more likely to fall faster an harder in love?
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Men
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Females stress occupation as opposed to men who...
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men Stress physical attrativenss while...
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Traditional marriage
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i. Man is the head of the household
ii. Man makes all the important decisions iii. Roles are clearly declincaed by axes iv. Man works and brings in the money, and the woman stays home and takes care of the household and children 1) These marriages have power high to the person bringing in the money 2) The subordinate will end up in a position that will support to help the one in power obtain their goals and ambitions v. Males are more satisfied with this relationship |
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Modern marriage
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i. More power sharing in relationship, one person is the near the power of the other
ii. Both spouses work 1) However one's work is inferior to the other a) Money b) Work hours i) The other person has to pick up the slack iii. Males are more satisfied with this relationship because still males have more power of the other Feminist call it the second shift because women have to juggle family and work |
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Egalitarian marriage
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Egalitarian- equal partnership
Couples tries to divide and shape roles in the home and try to trade off responsibilities and making decisions Not reall a gender declination, but whatever makes sense to the family Both parnters may have to sacrifcie and they both contribute to the fmaily equally Females tend to be more satisfied with this realtionship Young people want this relationship type most |
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Social exchange theory
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shows that it works fine if the male makes more money but it is not the same when the woman makes more money
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what percentage of people who want to get married marry?
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90
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Average age for US woman to marry?
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25
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WOmen with higher socioeconomic class and more education tend to:
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who marry's later?
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What happens to women's body perception?
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Woman loses her perception as body etiqutee changes. People walk up and touch you body due to pregnancy
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In Europe how much time do women pregnacy leave pay?
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A year
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Motherhood mystique
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motherhood is a nutral and necessary experience for women
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Characteristics of motherhood mystique
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They are made to be mother
They are made to want to be mothers If you do not want to be a mother something is wrong with you If you cannot have a child, it is a great tragedy Women are just better at motherhood than men Women should be a good at motherhood Because we are "good" at it and it is part of us, women should give up careers because they are meant to be mothers If they have children, they should do it full time |
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mother mandate
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women should have chidlren because it is important to society
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Hollingworth
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talks about society putting pressure on women on having children as a detterence for women's opportunites
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Harlow study
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study of monkeys
He took monkey babies and he separated the babies from its mothers so that they would not have physical contact with another monkey He then reintroduced the grown monkeys into the monkey population Finding, the absence of mothering led to monkey with no social skills that prevented them from integrating themselves into the monkey population, they were not able to mate. Even the minimal comfort from an inanimate cloth monkey was what they wanted Finding: these monkey did better then the first gtoup of monkey. They had mared mated and they had babies, but they were not good mothers. They had poor mothering skills. Harlows's studies show that mothering is not just an innate quality, but othering is a learing process Babies need a caring someone at a ealry age and even if they got minimal socail contact, it still helps them Motherhood doesn’t mean that the care has to be from a biological mother but it can be anyone who cares for you |
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Postpartum "blues"
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a mild depression of a mild feeling of negative emotion short lasting that usually occurs right after birth
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Postpartum "depression"
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when women don't start to fell better after the blues
Some get over the blues and the depression comes later, approx 6 months later Up to 10-15% Hormones are not an explanation to this because the hormone fluctuations are over Considered a serious psychological disturbance It can last for months May need medication and treatment because it doesn't resolve on it its won Women who have depression are more prone to get it It is not that these women are sad mothers or that they didn’t want the baby It is a critcal situation for 2 reasons |
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Why is it critical PPD
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depression cause self harm and may cause depression in the child
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2 myths about women in work
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The world is not equal; women who are ambitious and do everything right are going to be just as succeddful as men
Not true- 76 cents of a dollar compared to men Due to social discrimination 2. Women's work is not important to women, the that they would always choose family over work 1) Not true just like men, women, will not do a job a bad job at their work because they do not think their jpb is important 2. Women's work should be devalued and women's work is not important 1) The idea that men's work is what drives the world and women's work is secondary to that a) True- Women have to work 1. These days men are losing their jobs more than women One. Shows that women's work is economically important |
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How many % OF MANY AND WOMEN are in the workforce in their lives
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60% women &0 % of men
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Perspective of women at work
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Pre industrial era- in the past, families lived on farms
Most women worked really hard just like men Industrial era= families moved to the citues to work in factories Most women worked at factories in dangerous jobs Most women with children had to take children with them Victorian era- the idea of men and women having different roles Women had to have a family role in which they stayed home and they took care of the household Women had to be the "good" wife and this meant they had to be good at doing work around the house Women who weren't rich, they had to have domestic jobs |
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Access discrimination
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discrimination that prevents you from getting the job because of one's sexEx a women cannit get a firgifhgrer job because she is not seen as brave because she is a woman
Resume research shows that this exist in reality Resumes are the same, one is a woman one is a male Findings employers rate the man's resume higher than women's |
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treatment discrimination
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discrimination after one is hired
It effects starting salary promotions, etc in women and men |
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Glass ceiling
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invisible barrier that stops people from getting above a certain level in an institution; it is an institutional barrier
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stick floor
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women get stuck in an organization
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Class escaltor
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the tendency of men to get promoted more quickly
Particulary true for men in professions in which women are the majority of workers |
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Gender vanguards
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he first wave of women (or men) to enter a professional that it traditonally male - dominated
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Hoschcold
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Published an influential book called the second shift: working parents and the revolution at home
She was interested in studying work/family balnce in women Resource accolation- idea that as a women take on new jobs and explore other opputunites, women will have limited time to fullfill their role on family She found that most working women were working full time jobs, then retuning home for the "second shift" refers to all the jobs that are related to family that was traditonally the women's work She found that women were still doing the bulk of the second shift and they were working as hard as they were before even thought they had a large demand of their time outside their work She siad that because women are doing a second shift there was a leisure gap that women were suffereing compared to the free time that was avaiable to their husbands Qimbalance of leisure She argued there were two consequences The lack of leisure left women feeling fustrated, overwhelmed or angry because they were stilll doing so |
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Expansion model
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our resources for things are not limited, we can take on more roles in our lif and many times having more roles can be viewed as a good thing
Mulitple roles for men and women are good because They provide enhanced opportunities for self esteem you from another stressful and identity Stress buffereing- you can use only one role to protect you from another stressful role Ex. If your husband decides to leave you for another woman and your child has been diagnosed with ADIID you can forget anout these things and feel good at work There is an independent source of income and this can increase power and sense of contribution |
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Adulthood
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when you live on you own, support yourself and have your own family unit
Somewhere between 30- X there is a transition between early adulthood to middle adulthood Interesting |
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Biological clock
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optimal time, biologically, to have children will be in your early 20's and late 20s than for your 30's and 40s
Most women in the US enter menopause around their late 40s and early 50s |
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Erikson and Levison
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believed we could measure transtion points
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Erickson & men
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identity -intimacy -generativity -legacy
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Generativity
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concern for the greater human kind
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legacy
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what the man feel he will leave behind to encourade the greater good of the world after he is gone
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Erickson& women
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Identity suspension- intimacy-identity-generativity.
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Midlife review
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years to live that you wnat to have control over empty nest around this time and menopuase about age 40
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Midlife review
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years to live that you wnat to have control over empty nest around this time and menopuase about age 40
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agism
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tend to be more focused on women than men. Women tend to outlive men
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Double standard
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two doffrent standards of aginf depndind on gneder
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Gender crossover
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women in middle age becoming more masculine, more confident, more pursuing of goals
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young old
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age range 65-47
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old old
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age range 75-84
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oldest old or truly old
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age range 85+
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Aging
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growning: passage of time in your lifespan
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Senescene
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physical declines due to the passage of time
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sensility
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decline in cognition
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functional age
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how capable of engaging in roles of your life; how independent, how well you can perfrom in your physical and social life
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Re enrty women
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absent from the workforce for a long period of time, taking care of children, sick parents, etc and coming back into the workforce when a lot of people are thinking about retirement
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Retirement
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culmination of a working career; end of working
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Ego integrity
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the need to achieve acceptance of your life and your self so that you pull the threads of your life and come to some acceptance of what has happened to you so that you can accept death
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Integrity
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acceptance and review
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Despair
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until you reach ego integrity, one may feel angry and scared of death
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mortality
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the average life expenctancy; how long people live, how likely someone is going to die
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morbidity
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prescence of diease
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acute ilness
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flues colds allergy attacks
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chronic no fatal
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arthrits muliple scleoors
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prevelence
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distribution of disease
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DSMIV
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it has all the infomration for clincians to diagnose a mental disorder in a person. there are 128 disorders
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Anxiety is how much more frequent in women than in men?
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2-3 x
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Depression is how much more frequent in women than men
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2x
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Somatoform disorders is how much more frequent in women than men
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10x more
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DSmIV
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multi axial.
firts 3 axis help you come up with a diagnosis |
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medicalize
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making normal biology into a medical problem
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PMDS
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pre menstrual dysphoirc sndrome+ negative mood
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Who has more mental health issues
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gender neutraul they a equally predisposed to mental health isssues, but there certain disorders that are more prevalnet to a certain gender.
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retired husbands syndrome
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affects middle aged women whose husbands have recently been retired
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Diathesis
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pre exisiting things that increase the liklihood of mental disorders
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social diathesis stress model
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the socialization patterns that differs from boys and girls
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Inclusive Pscychology of women theory
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beloief that it is time to sample more gropous, different groups of owmen, childrne and tell their story too and in the process you can impact their life in a posotve way
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hyde
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gave questionnaire about passive acceptance to encourage poeple not to be that wya
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Micheal Kimmel
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beleived that rigid hyper masculine qualities have harmful effects in development of males
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Conservaitve religous ale pyscohology
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the men tha take the argument that things have gotten too far and women have gained too much control and we need to retunr back to women and men are again the breadwinners and have th power
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promise keepers movement
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religious movement that women shoulnt work evolution pyscogolgy
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mytho poetic
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equiv to cultural feminism men need to go back in touch with masulintiy
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