Women In American History

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14th Amendment

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(1868)
-Protects rights against state infringements, defines citizenship, prohibits states from interfering with privileges and immunities, requires due process and equal protection, punishes states for denying vote, and disqualifies Confederate officials and debts
-Refers to male inhabitants of the nation when discussing voting rights, and makes no mention of women
-" If that word male be inserted now it will take us another century to get it out" -Elizabeth Cady Stanton

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15th Amendment

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(1870)
-"The right of citizens to vote will not be denied on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude"
(makes no mention of sex)
-"There is a great stir about colored men getting their rights but nothing about colored women getting theirs" -Sojourner Truth
-There can only be one great moral justice at a time, and "This hour belongs to the negro" -Lucy Stone

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NWSA

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-Lead by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
-Radical
-Scope: broad and liberal
-Issues/ Goals: Change laws and customs regarding the vote, work, marriage, maternity, health, fashion, race, religion, prostitution, etc. etc.
-Newsletter: "The Revolution"
-Known for: Controversy and Activism

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AWSA

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-Lead by Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell
-Moderate
-Scope: focused and moderate
-Issues/ Goals: Suffrage
-Newsletter: "Woman's Journal"
-Known for: Persuasion and Accommodation

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The Women's Advocacy Movement

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1869- The women's advocacy movement is split in 2 (NWSA and AWSA) -Both groups were dominated by white women (black women were likely to be more moderate)
-Both groups merged to become The National American Woman's Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

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NAWSA

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-Joined: Alice Stone Blackwell (Lucy Stone's daughter), Harriet Stanton Blanche (Elizabeth Cady Stanton's daughter)
-1st President: Elizabeth Cady Stanton; term:2 years (1890-1892)
-Published "The Woman's Bible"- pointed out that a lot of rules in the Bible were not enforced, and pointed out the verses that referred to the inferiority of women
-Wanted a suffrage amendment, and a literacy test required for all voters
-Harriet Stanton Blanche disagreed with the literary test
-2nd President: Susan B. Anthony; term:8 years (1892-1900)
-3rd President: Carrie Chapman Catt; term: 4 years (1900-1904); left NAWSA because her husband was sick; returns in 1914 to become 5th president and reorganize NAWSA after Anna Howard Shaw
-4th President: Anna Howard Shaw; term: 10 years; bad organizer and refused to compromise
-NAWSA kicks out radical suffragist Alice Paul who forms the National Women's Party (NWP)
-After the 19th Amendment was passed NAWSA continued on to become the "League of Women Voters"

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NWP

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-Alice Paul
-Radical women's suffragist
-Called the president "Kaiser Wilson"; got arrested

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19th Amendment

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(1919)
-Women's suffrage amendment
-Proposed to congress by Jeannette Rankin (Montana congresswoman)
-Tennessee was the 36th state to ratify

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Victoria Woodhull

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-Sister: Tennessee Claflin
-Dad: "Medicine Seller"(fake potions); Mom: fortune teller
-Married to Woodhull and Blood at the same time; believed in free love
-Commodore Vanderbilt provided the Claflin/Woodhull sisters funding for a stockbroker business
-Created a newspaper: "Woodhull and Claflin Weekly"; called marriage "economic prostitution"
-Woodhull was invited to speak to congress about women's rights (1871); testifies to U.S. House Judiciary Committee on women's suffrage; Her argument is that the constitution already says "person" and "citizen" so women already have the right to vote
-Stanton and Anthony invite her to speak at the 1871 Women's Rights Convention; Her speech, "The Great Succession", said that if women are denied the right to vote that they should leave the union
-Women's Rights Convention 1872; Woodhull wants to give a speech saying that she wants to run for president with Frederic Douglass as her Vice President; S.B. Anthony had her thrown out
-Her "free love" ideas got her snubbed by high society
-Catherine Beecher and sister Harriet publicly criticize Woodull
-In Response: Woodhull starts "The Scandal of the Century"; revealed that Henry Ward Beecher (Brother, Preacher) was having an affair with Elizabeth Tilton, and that she (Woodhull) was having an affair with Theodore Tilton (Elizabeth's Husband)
-In Response: Beecher and Comstock get Woodhull and Claflin arrested for "publishing obscene materials"
-After getting released from prison both women move to England, marry rich men, and live lives of leisure
-Woodhull died denying that she ever believed in women's rights or free love

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Homestead Act

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- if you cultivated the land for 5 years you could claim it, up to 160 acres; by 1800 250,000 women had their own farms

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Esther Morris

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Wyoming; 1860's
-1869- Wyoming territorial legislature granted women suffrage (also granted: married women's property rights, equal pay for men and women teachers)
-1890- Wyoming becomes a state; the only state who gave women full voting rights
-1893- Colorado granted women's suffrage
-1896- Idaho
-1896- Utah
-had a large mormon population that did not want to lose control of state government because Congress would not allow polygamy (having more than one wife)in the union; Mormons eventually granted women suffrage so that they would have more voting power

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Hampton Normal Institute

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-Virginia; 1878- Hampton Normal Institute accepted native american boys and girls; segregated black children from native american children

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Captain Richard Pratt

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-Anti-Miscegenation (Racial Mixing)
-Founded Carlisle Indian School

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Carlisle Indian School

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Pennsylvania; 1876
-Taught girls: domestic work, reading and writing, cooking, sewing, bookkeeping, nursing
-Punishments: Corporal and Humiliating
-"Outing System"- girls were sent to houses to "practice domestic skills"(worked as servants without pay)
-1890- The Bureau of Indian Affairs created a system of boarding schools where most Native American children were sent
-Thomas Morgan; wrote "Rules for Indian Schools"
-John Collier; 1930's; closed indian boarding schools

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John Collier

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1930's; closed indian boarding schools

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Chinese-American Women

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CHINESE-AMERICAN WOMEN
-1849; California Gold Rush
-1882; Exclusion Act- only Chinese-American men with money could come; those already here could send for their wives
-Chinese men to women ratio in 1890; 22:1
-Laws prohibiting mixed race marriages
-Imported Chinese Brides-many families sold their daughters (sometimes they were kidnapped); called "indentured prostitutes"; about 4-5 year term; most never actually got married

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Presbyterian Mission Home

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-Presbyterian Mission Home; 1874-1939; founded by Donaldina Cameron; rescue home for chinese american women immigrants; wanted to rescue them from prostitution and make them christians; women had to stay from 6 months to a year; held in "structured isolation"; only "christian visitors" were allowed; the goal was marriage to a christian chinese american minor businessman; many women came to escape bad homes; some came to escape arranged marriages; women only got out of the house by getting married, returning to their families, or running away

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Education

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EDUCATION
-1870-1890; number of women's colleges founded and many state colleges become co-ed
-by 1870 there were 11,000 female students in college; 21% of all college students were female; by 1880 40,000, 32%
-about 50% of these women never married
*by late 1800's all women had feme sole rights

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Jane Addams

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-Visits the Toynbee House Neighborhood Center in London; founded "Hull House" in 1889 which helped the poor by training, educating, and housing them

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Florence Kelly

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-Union Organizer
-Transforms Addams' view of what Hull House should be
- Becomes famous for founding the National Women's Consumer League; "White Label Campaign"- any product with a white label meant that the factory who made it teated it's workers well

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Mary Kenney

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-created boarding houses for working class girls named "the jane club"; offered safe, clean, affordable places to live; by 1900 there were 100 settlement houses nationwide (Kingsley Settlement House in New Orleans)

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Temperance Movement

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1870's-1890's
-Later became abstinence
-1873; Hillsboro, Ohio; church women marched in front of saloons to protest; by 1874, 60,000 women involved in similar protests; protests manages to close 1,000 saloons

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Carry Nation

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-6 feet tall; took and axe and chopped things up in saloons

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Woman's Christian Temperance Movement

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founded in 1874; first chapter established in Ohio; President: Francis Williard ("Do Everything!")

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Working Class Women

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WORKING-CLASS WOMEN
-By 1900 women wage earners equaled 20% of the total workforce
-The most common job in which women earned a wage was domestic work (often lived-in)
-1920's; Secretarial work became popular

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Working Women: North

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-Many working women were immigrants; mostly Irish, Dutch, Scandinavian (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland)
-Irish and Scandinavian women most likely to come alone
-many wanted live-in domestic work to have a place to live
-Native born white women avoided domestic work because of long hours and low pay
-Factory workers had horrible conditions and long hours but much higher pay
-Most women in the Northern factories were either Jewish or Italian
-NYC Garment Industry; women 80% of garment workers; most between age 16-25
-For the same job, men's wages were 3x women's

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Working Women: South

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-Mostly African American women
-Did domestic work but refused to live in the house
-Factory work
-Mostly white women; seldom were black women hired
-Many textile mills

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Working Women: West

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-Domestic workers were mostly Mexican and Asian
-Factories (especially canneries) mostly hired Mexican women

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Knights of Labor Union

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1869-1886; universal brotherhood of all workers; tried to push for the 8 hour work day, equal pay for equal work; Mary Harris Jones-Mother Jones, Lady Knight

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American Federation of Labor

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1886-Present; skilled workers only

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Industrial Workers of the World

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(called Wobblies); 1903; Mother Jones, Elizabeth Gurly Flynn; work slow downs

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Lawrence Strike

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Massachusetts, 1912; 14,000 workers (mostly women and 30 nationalities) successful strike- got a wage increase

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NYC Garment Industry

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1903; Triangle Shirtwaist Company- 20,000 people walked off the job, called "Great Uprising of the Women"

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Women's Trade Union League

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1903; 1/2 middle class women-Margaret Ribbons; 1/2 working class women- Rose Schneiderman

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Triangle Fire

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1911; 146 women died; mass protest afterwards

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Women's Bureau

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-1920; Department of Labor began the ______ ______ to study women entering the workforce

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European Immigration

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-1820-1920; 35 million european immigrants (1/3 women) -Old Wave- up to 1890; northern and western europe
-New Wave- 1890-1920; southern and eastern europe
-First generation immigrants- foreign born; second generation immigrants- U.S. born of foreign born

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3 Models of Assimilation

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-anglo conformity- let go of your past culture
1st Stage: Behavioral: dress and speech
2nd Stage: Structural: social structure
-melting pot- a mixture of all cultures that creates one
-cultural pluralism- different cultures working together, the foreign culture is preserved

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Home Protection Ballot

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1880's; effort to gainpermission for women to vote on "local option"(a local area's decision about alcohol)

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National Association of Colored Women

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-promoted a number of practical assistance projects in black communities (healthcare, work, housing)
-Mary Church Terrell,1st President; 1896 (Later President, Margaret Murray Washington *Wife of Booker T.)
-1900 GFWC Convention
-Mary Church Terrell was not allowed in

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Ida B. Wells (Barnett)

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-headed the anti-lynching crusade; 1890's-1900
-owned her own newspaper called "The Memphis Free Speech" (building burned down several times)
-attended the NACW conventions

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Maggie Lena Walker

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-the first female bank president in the U.S.; St. Luke Penny Savings Bank; 1903; Richmond, Virginia