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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Honour
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Sexual reputation-sole component of a woman's honour
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Wiltshire, York, Ely, Norfolk, London and Chichester-century and what?
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17th Century, increase in defamation cases
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Percentage of those bringing defamation cases who were married
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79%
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1624 - Anne Swalwell
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Slandered as an 'old bawd' and a 'whore' by Grace Rutlidge because Grace believed tha Anne's husband had caused her husband to get in trouble with the local authorities.
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Rich women
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Victim
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Poor women
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defendant
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85% men committed theft...point?
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men commit the more familiar crimes
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innocent till proven guilty?
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married women are innocent till proven guilty, unmarried women are guilty until proven innocent.
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excuses as why baby died/excuses to be off trial
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woman fainted during birth...baby fell or strangled itself.
mum provided linen-shows want to care. |
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1720s...change in sentiment?
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courts taking a softer line-Beattie...especially under 1624 law
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Surrey 1732-1802
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35 women indited for infanticide-only one widow was convicted the rest discharged or acquitted
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why decline in cases
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change in attitude/sentiment-main one
maternity care improves...even help unmarried women eg Foundling Hospital |
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example for improving maternity care
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Foundling Hospital
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why was rape underreported
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pain/embarrassed in court
prove it happened worked against her if...she didnt report it immediately did not cry out during rape character not good |
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surrey assizes-rape
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one case every year and a half
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why would rape cases end up in court
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if someone interrupted it
if seriously injured if sexual illness is given |
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example of case ending in court from interrupting
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Abinger Common-men who raped a woman was interrupted by the farmer...him and his son took it...
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kent 1773 and 1780
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sometimes rape is settled out of court...man ''making satisfaction'' to a woman he had attacked
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charging a lesser offence-rape?
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eg assault...could be done at quarter sessions...more convenient and less expensive
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attempted rape
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twice as many women pressed charges of attempted rape in surrey than rape.
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violent/victims-Beattie
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women were less likely to confront their victims...
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reluctance to charge women
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women less likely to be charged with more aggressive violent...married women could not be held responsible for illegal acts if done in company of her husband
could be embaressing |
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difference between urban and rural women
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80% of women accused occurred in the city.
More courts=closer? Easier...choice? |
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King on Bastardy
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women were punished for moral reasons whereas men were for economic reasons
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how effective was the law
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at least 80% of unwed parents went unpunished-not well enforced.
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punishment for men and women
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male and female unwed parents were directly punished aout equally when punishment consisted of whipping end or stocking. unequally when imprisonment-women for higher
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victimised
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seduced by Masters-pregnant kicked out
illicit sexuality-women fault women tempt men (never blame male) patriarchal views/society |
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victimised...beaten
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reginald tucker...killed his wife-flew into a rage...didnt like the dinner she served up
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men insisted on fidelity but didnt expect it
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John Stanley moved in with his mistress but saw her talking to other men, argument he stabbed her
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1624 Law
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Injustice of the law-unmarried woman gave birth to a child and concealed the fact presumed to have killed it.Only had to prove concealment not murder.
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witchcraft prosecutions
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1560-1700
1,200 were presented in Essex-McFarlane. |
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1563 Act
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death penalty for invoking evil spirits and for using witchcraft, enchantment, charm or sorcery.
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comparative for amount of witch
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trial of witches was second only to the trial of thieves.
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how many-assizes witchcraft
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1/3 of all accusations
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Key things about infanticide (4)
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Labouring/farming...rarely middle/genteel class
servants and maids common immediately after birth gender of baby did not matter |
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1743-1803 infanticide Staffordshire
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39 indictments-not a single death sentence.
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why not abandon rather than kill...
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problem of travelling far enough away and keep baby alive until abandoning
not risk babies cries circumstances of servants-allowed them to not leave at pleasure |
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Elizabeth Hall (Female Criminal)
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habitually beat and assaulted her two apprentice female children in 1796...shows violence in family
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manslaughter
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1/40 manslaughter involved women in Surrey
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3 main categories of why women committed crime
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stole real need
male accomplices evolved shoplifting specialities of their own |
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Clark and Gadol
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Womens power, autonomy and respect from society
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3 word rule to describe
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Chaste, silent and obedient
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Percentage of women accused of witchcraft in...where...age...
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1645, Essex, over 50. Build up reputation
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Problem of English Poor Law for women
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entitled born a village to public assistance from the village funds therefore pregnant women were runt out of town before they gave birth-stoned out of villages
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St Pauls - Principle Church Court
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By 1633, 70% of the court cases were defamation suits, and 85% initiated by women
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How many women brought defamation suits to St Pauls Church court annually
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230
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Kermode and Walker on Women and Men
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As women do not appear in the records in comparable numbers to men-simply cannot be compared in a like manner.
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Kermode and Walker on women crimes
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sensationalized. Women far from being passive victims/bystanders
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Gaving. Those who fought defamation was...
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married or widowed.
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Why men were not really in defamation cases?
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- less likely to presented for illicit sex crimes
-adultery less likely -whore-no male equivalent. -only slagged off in terms of woman they were with 'cuckold.' |
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when did it become a capital offence for women to be an adulterer
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1650
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Problem of slandering males etc
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Man words taken over womens
Susan Tuton-1624-Servant-protested to a local gentleman about her condition, the master found out and sued her for defamation. |
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Where did scolding take place more often and why
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urban areas because intensity of social regulation and closer living conditions
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Do women work alone.
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No....6/47 of women worked alone in theft... premeditate involved.
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