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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The idea concerning the link between germs and disease were apparant when?
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approximately 100 years ago
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What was a major method of disease detection?
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urine
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Who was cured of "disrupted humors" or convulsions?
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King Charles the II by Sir Charles Scarburgh
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How was King Charles II treated of convusions?
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He was bled and given a stone from the stomach of a goat
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Why was uroscopy used?
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It reveals multiple difficulties and is diagnosed by urine color (brown meant liver problem red was bleeding etc)
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The life expectancy at end of last century was what?
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47 years
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The life expectancy now is?
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80 years (women a little longer)
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When did antibiotics come into popular use?
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1940s
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What was the differences in birth rates before 1940 vs 1980?
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went from 50/10,000 to 1/10,000
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What country has highest life expectancy?
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Andorra at 84 years
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What is the world average life expectancy?
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64 years
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By 2020 ___ % of people will be older than 65 in USA
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16
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Who is the oldest living person and how old is she?
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Edna Parker at 114
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Who was the oldest person to ever live/how old?
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Jeanne Calment 122
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What year was the Influenza Pandemic that caused a large glitch in life expectancy trend?
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1918 "The Spanish Flue"
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How many deaths was the 1918 Pandemic?
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30-50 million, more than victims of WWI, WWII, Korean War and Vietnam War
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What drug was noted during the 1911 flue epidemic that people took as a remedy?
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Kemps Balsam (alcohol and plants)
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How have scientists been studying the Flu Pandemic?
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Studying the Alaskan permafrost and then analyzing the DNA
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What caused most of the deaths in the 1918 flu?
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Bacterial pneumonia because it wiped out hte bronchial cells in the lungs, where bacteria from the nose and mouth could invade and multiply
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How else have scientists studied the 1918 flu?
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From blood samples of survivors who may still have protective antibodies to virus that could be used in future outbreaks
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How was smallpox eradicated?
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vaccination
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The World Health Organization suggests how many lives have been saved with use of vaccinations?
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40 million
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Is polio eradicated?
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nearly. Is considered eradicated in Americas but about 4000 cases around world
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What is Leprosy also called?
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Hansen's Disease
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How has Leprosy been controlled?
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multi-drug therapy
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How many people were affected in 1980s vs today by Leprosy?
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12 million vs 1 million
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What is Dracunculiasis?
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Guinea Worm Disease
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What is Guinea Worm Disease?
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A water flea that carries a namatode larvae (worm) which is ingested when the person drinks water and remains in the host for a year. THe worm emerges out of the foot or knee which is very painful
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How is Guinea Worm Disease prevented?
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filtered water
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What organizations focused on eradicating Guinea Worm Disease?
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The Carter Center and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
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What is Chagas Disease?
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Caused by "kissing bug" when bug bites you the parasite is transmitted. The Symptoms occur 10-20 years following the bite
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How do you prevent Chagas?
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Use insecticides
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How do you treak fungal infections?
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Anti-Fungal drugs
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How do you cure fungal infection in the esophagus?
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Balloon Angioplasty or "Roto-Router Treatment" so the esophagus is widened
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What do you use to widen the esophagus as a sedative?
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Lbirum or Valium
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What sedatives have similar structures and why?
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Librium and Valium with respect ot position of chlorine atoms
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Who is Sir William Osler?
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Mcgill Faculty of Medicine 1974 important in development of tools of diagnosis.
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What is a drug?
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A chemical agent that affects living matter or any preparation which in a person's mind has a beneficial effect on his/her wellbeing
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How much money have prescription drugs made in North America this year?
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300 billion
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How much money have OTC drugs in North America made?
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25 billion
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How many beer recipes did the Sumerians have?
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16 recipes
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What are the greatest source of drug discovery?
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Plants
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Who tried to exclude suerpstition?
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Hippocrates 460-370 BC
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What did Hippocrates cure with Ox Liver?
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night blindness because the liver contains vitamin A
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What did Hippocrates think poppy juice and exrement of flies cured?
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crying babies
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Who worked with gladiators?
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Galen 131 AD
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What percent of individuals taking a placebo will improve in health?
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30-35% so the drug has to exceed the 35% improvement rate
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Who wrote De MateriaMedica: a tome about plants and their pharmaceutical effecs?
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Dioscorides 40-90 AD
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What is the key ingredient in Absinthe?
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Wormwood
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What is a plant named after Dioscoridies and what does it do?
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Arum dioscordies and used as expectorant (foces you to spit)
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What can saffron be used for?
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to pass urine
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What were iodine and alcohol used for?
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kill bacteria on open cuts
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What does Ammonia do?
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causes one to wake up
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What is Ammonium Carbonate?
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Smelling salts
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Who is Maimonides?
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A famous doctor in 1135 - 1204 who is famous for using chicken soup to cure colds
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What is the Doctrine of Humors?
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the body consisted of blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile and that each element corresponded to air, water, earth and fire
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Who suggested that"proof comes from experiment and reasoning" and what did he introduce? What is his famous for?
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Doctor Paracelcus (1493 -1541) father of chemistry introduced chemical treatments for disease but was against use of multiple drugs at once (polypharmacy) Known for Poison vs Potion
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What animal substance can be used as a painkiller?
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Some frog substances because 200 times more effective than morphine
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Why was blood transfusions dangerous in history?
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Because the discovery of blood types is relatively recent
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What is the Doctrine of Signatures and who put it forth?
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Jakon Bohme (1575-1624) and the idea is god marked everything he had created with a sign. Ie: walnuts are supposed to be good for Brain
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What was the bezoar stone used for?
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Antidote for the Black Plague
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What is Ipecac?
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an emetic: induced vomiting instantaneously
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What famous figure used Aconite as a poison?
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Romeo
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What disease did the Floxglove plant help cure?
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"Dropsy" fluid accumulation (the heart cannot circulate blood properly) is now called Congestive Heart Failure
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What drug is used for the failing heart?
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Lanoxin which is derived from the foxglove plant
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When did medical journals come into use?
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1800s
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What was the Plague of Athens?
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symptoms fever, foul breath, ulcers then death by diarrhea.
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What is Plague of Athens similar to?
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Ebola Virus
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What is Malaria?
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A parasitic disease where Anopheline mosquito bites and transmits the parasite which affects hte brain
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By how much does the Malaria low the economic growth of Africa?
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1% per year
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How many cases/deaths per year does Malaria cause?
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120 million cases 1-2 million deaths
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What is the early cure to Malaria?
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Quinine from the Cinchona plant
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What is the Cinchona plant?
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extremely high concentration of Quinine.
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Who are Pelletier and Caventou?
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first to efficiently purify Quinine from bark?
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What does tonic water contain?
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quinine
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What was used in the 1940s to combat Malaria?
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DDT
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by 1966 how many lives say were saved with use of DDT pesticide?
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500 million
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Why was DDT banned?
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It causes the shells of birds eggs to crack prematurely
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What else besides DDT can be used to prevent malaria spread?
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Insecticide-treated nets, Parasite-resistant Mosquitoes which many overbreed the other species of mosquitos or maybe Chinese herbal teas
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What is Syphilis also called?
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The Great Pox 1495 it is still not eradicated
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What are the myths about the origins of the plague and how was it actually spread?
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It is associated with "bad air" from dead bodies' odors beut really aws spread by flea Pulexirritans from rats
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How is the best way to prevent catching the plague?
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Covering the lower areas of the body like ankles so don't come in contact with rats
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What is the idea of homeopathy?
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A small amount/concentration of something that causes the problem can solve the problem
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Do Homeopathic drugs have active ingredient?
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No hardly because of hte large dilution of the ingredients
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What is Morphine also called, who invented it and what is it used for?
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Laudanum by Friedrich Serturner in 1805 and is used to suppress pain
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What did Dr. Joseph Lister popularize?
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Phenol as an antiseptic He descovered that spraying Phenol in the air surrounding a patient in surgery would increase chances of survival
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What is sepsis?
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inflammation due to bacterial infection, can cause death
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Who introduced antisepsis and changed the look of operating rooms?
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Thomas Roddick, Canadian
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In 1950 what was Listerine used for?
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Dandruff Control
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What did Listerine used to have and what does it now have?
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Used to have Phenol and now has Thymol
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What is Phenol also known as?
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Carbolic Acid, was burned and the fumes were inhaled to promote good health
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When did the use of anesthetics begin?
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early 1800s
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What was the first anesthetic and who discovered it?
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Nitrous Oxide by Sir Humphrey Davy
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What is Nitrous Oxide?
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laughing gas, propellant ingredient in whipped cream
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Who is WIlliam Morton?
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Introduced ether in middle 1800s
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What is Potassium Bromide similar to?
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Similar to Sodium Chloride or table salt
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When is the Patent Medicine Era and what is it?
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1850-1906 No standard for how effective drug so medicine could be produced by anyone
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When is the Proper Drug Era?
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1906 to present
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What is used to treat syphilis? Who won a nobel prize in 1908 for this discovery?
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Paul Ehrlich for Salversan (Compound 606)
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When was Aspirin invented and who first advertised it?
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Bayer Comapny 1800s
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When and What is the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act?
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1938 made it stricted to sell drugs, food and pharmaceutical goods. Drugs had to have proof of safety, regulated cosmetics, and updated food standards
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What is Thalidomide?
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Was used to relieve morning sickness but found later it caused birth defects. It is now banned but it is useful for treating Leprosy as well as cancer
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How long does it take to develop a drug for sue by the general public?
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10-15 years
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What is the process of a drug?
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Identification of targets, finding leads,developing leads, picking candidate for development, making the drug, formulating dosages, toxicology, clinical trials, and approval.
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How many of naturally occurring compounds have been explored for effectiveness as pharmaceutical agents?
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<1%
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What is the Periwinkle flower used for?
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Vincristine which is a chemotherapeutic agent
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What is a Shaman?
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a witch-doctor which is a member of culture that understands herbs and remedies that are good for diseases
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How do scientists use technology in relation to molecules?
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They create 3D versions of the molecules and rotate and technologically alter them to find new pharmaceutical agents. Molecule can be edited to will fit into active site
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What are the targets of pharmaceutical agents?
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The active site of a enzyme or protein
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What is the Fragment Based Lead Discovery Technique?
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Simple atom arrangements can bind to biological targets. Different arrangements will have different effecs. A combination of a few fragments can give rise to a molecule that shares the properties of all the individual fragments in unison: MAXIMIZES THE POTENCY
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What are the world prescription drug sales so far in 2008?
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700 Billion
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What are the largest drug sales in the US and what are they?
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Lipitor and Zocor for choleserol
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What are behind the colesterol drugs in highest sales?
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Prevacid and Nexium for stomach acid reduction drugs
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What is hte pharmaceutical company with te largest volume of sales?
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Pfizer, Inc
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What are the top four selling drugs in world?
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Lipitor (cholesterol), Plavix (blood clotting), nexium (stomach acid) and seretide (Asthma)
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What is the % growth of sales of thes drugs each year?
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10%
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What % does North America consume in sales of drug total?
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50%
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What is the equation to know when drug sales will double at a certain percentage?
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70 / (% increase or decrease per year) = years it takes to double
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If prescription drugs increase at 10% per year how long will it take for sales to double?
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7 years
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How does the FDA catalog drugs?
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by chemical type
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What is the classification of drugs?
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new molecular entity, new derivative, new formation (old drug in a skin patch form), new combination, already marketed (expired patent) or new use for a drug
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What are excipients?
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40 different categories of materials in the pill that are not medicine such as fillers, binders, anti-foaming agents, etc
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What percent of population smokes now and what percent smoked in 1960s?
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22% now 40% then
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What are risk factors?
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not disease, just contribute to hte probability that a certain disease will affect an individual
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What is the classification of drugs?
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new molecular entity, new derivative, new formation (old drug in a skin patch form), new combination, already marketed (expired patent) or new use for a drug
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What are excipients?
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40 different categories of materials in the pill that are not medicine such as fillers, binders, anti-foaming agents, etc
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What percent of population smokes now and what percent smoked in 1960s?
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22% now 40% then
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What are risk factors?
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not disease, just contribute to hte probability that a certain disease will affect an individual
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