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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of an allergy?
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Any adverse reaction to a substance that is normally harmless to most people. Normally harmless where IgE antibodies are involved
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What are antibodies?
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Special proteins that are produced by the body's immune system upon first encounter with a foreign agent
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What do antibodies do?
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Allow the body to neutralize the intruder during the invasion
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What is immune system for?
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protect body against foreign intruders. When immune system is wrong about hazard of substance then this is when acquire allergy
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What generates side effect which are the symptoms of allergies?
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Allergen-Antibody reaction
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What are common allergy symptoms?
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sneezing, hay fever, allergic rhinitis and Asthma
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What can Hay fever lead to?
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allergic asthma
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In order to be allergic to anything...
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an individual must have had previous exposure to the allergen
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What happens when an individual initially encounters a substance that they will develop a reaction to?
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the immune system synthesizes antibodies (IgE) which are designed to neutralize the substance upon subsequent encounters
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How could someone who has never eaten a marshmallow suffer an allergic reaction to it?
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They contain gelatin so they may have had a shot in the past that used gelatin as a stabilizer.
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What makes allergic reactions to animals different from other allergens?
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they can be very specific.
ie: more allergic to black cats than lighter cats |
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What are individuals allergic to when they are allergic to an animal?
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their saliva which is found on hair particles b/c of licking and shedding
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Can cat allergies make other allergies worse?
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yes because the inhalation of dander can irritate lungs and amplify symptoms of other allergies
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What are the different types of allergic diseases?
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Hay Fever, Perennial (all the time), Allergic Rhinitis, Asthma (not always an allergic reaction), Atopic Dermatitis (unusual skin ailments), Food Allergy and Anphylaxis (worst reaction - circulation system stops and death)
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What is Allergy Syndrome?
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unusual and devastating. Referre to as 20th Century Disesase. Individuals react to a lot of substances so have to live lives outside of society. Think it may be driven by a psychological problem. Tend to be OCD. It has a metabolic/molecular component to disease that makes it burdensome
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What is a usual precursor to Allergy Syndrome?
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Some sort of taumatic event, or large-scale exposure to a normal substance that one ay perceive to be dangerous.
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What is TAS?
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total allergy syndrome - people have immune systems that have gone into overdrive and raeact to substances that should nto be reacted to normally
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Why are allergies increasing and asthma doubled since 1980?
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being exposed to more and more substances, since WW2 80,000 new synthetic compounds introduced to public, greater chemical exposure
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hy is dusting bad?
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It stirs up allergens unless uses static electricity to collect most of the particles
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Why should be not try and be too clean?
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Kids are not exposed to microbes that previous generations were. Immune system becomes underdeveloped
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What happens to an underdeveloped immune system (from being too clean)?
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The immune system focuses on foreign substances that may be less dangerous than perceived (pollen, dander etc) Why kids in daycare less likely to have allergies
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What is hay fever?
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Reaction to various pollens not just hay.
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What happens when one inhales pollen?
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its chemical contents cause release of particular substances that cause allergic symptoms. Allergen-antibody reaction causes symptoms of allergies
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What is most common type of hay fever?
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ragweed
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What are most common types of allergic symptoms?
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Watery eyes, sniffling, sneezing, coughing and itchy skin. Uncommon: gastric ailments or geographic tongue.
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What is easiest way to lower allergic reactions to animals?
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Vacuuming because getting rid of dead skin cells
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What are dust mites?
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Microscopic organisms. Feed on dead skin cells which is everywhere. People are allergic to their feces not the creature. People with dustier houses greater chance allergies (can lead to asthma)
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What percent of adults have food allergies and what percent have intolerances (don't involve the immune system)?
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4%, 30%
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What is lactose intolerance?
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the lack of an enzyme that converts lactose (milk sugar) to galactose and glucose. Affects 70% of world pop
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What cause headaches when people eat cheese/drink red wine?
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tyramine in them
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What do dried fruit, shrimp and wine contain that causes food intolerance?
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sulfites
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What does cured meats have to cause food intolerance?
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Nitrates
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What are real food allergies caused by?
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milk, shellfish, fish, eggs and nuts
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Why aren't peanuts nuts?
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Below to fabaceae family of legumes
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What are normal food allergy symptoms?
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not cough sneezing but blackened discoloration under eyes
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What does an allergy to cinnamon cause?
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white discolorations on the tongue
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What is said about avoiding peanut allergies in young people? What contradicts this?
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Only should eat peanuts when immune system mature enough. Bamba israeli snack that young children consume and israel had way less peanut allergies than north america
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What is caused by peanut allergies?
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Anaphylaxis
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What are epi pens?
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Someone that has an allergy like peanut allergy must have at all times. If have a reaction the adrenaline in the epi pen must be injected dilates the bronchial tubes and constricts the blood vessels to increase blood pressure (anaphylaxis lowers blood pressure)
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What happens if one has a bee sting allergy?
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result in either skin reaction, bronchial constriction or anaphylaxis. Need epi pen
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What are 2 types of contact dermatitis?
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Irritant and Immune system mediated
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What is the irritant contact dermatitis?
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not related to allergies, only exposure to caustic or irritating substances. Happens to anyone exposed to irritant (vinegar solutions etc)
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What is immune system mediated contact dermatitis?
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Allergic type. Can only occur where there has been contact. Ex is poison ivy - antibody mediated. Contains urushiol. it is not contagious.
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What plants contain urushiol?
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Poison ivy, poison oak, japanese lacquer tree
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What is the most common cause of contact dermatitis?
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Nickel. Contained in stainless steel. Things such as jeans buttons, carter belts purses and watches. Even in cell phones
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Is gold a contact dermatitis allergen?
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Yes but it is unreactive. Usually an alloy (containing other metals) therefore it is usually the nickle for ex that it is mixed with that causes the reaction
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Name more contact dermatitis allergies?
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garlic, hair dye, plastic, brown dye in bills, plastic eyeglass frames, glue for fake fingernails (contains cyanoacrylate)
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What causes an allergic contact dermatitis reaction all over the body?
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When the allergenic material seeps into the skin and gets in to the blood vessels.
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What three materials are cross-reactive allergies?
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papaya, latex and bananas
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What is aquagenic pruritis?
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Allergy towards water. Any contact with water causes a rash must wash and dry very quickly or can use alcohol but that dries out skin. It only involves the skin so you can still drink water.
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What is photo allergy?
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exposure to a material followed by exposure to UV light triggers serious reactions. Ex someone treated with penicillin what made them permanently sensitive to light so have to live in darkness.
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What are mast cells?
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the antibodies (usually IgE isotype) attached to mast cells. They are located in our nasal passages, throats, lungs, digestive tracts,eyes etc. The antibodies on the Mast Cells bind the substance to trigger degranulation within the cell
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What is degranulation?
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tiny granules released (histamines) which flood the bloodstream. This is responsible for symptoms of allergies. Body doing it to get rid of offending materials (eyes water, vomit, cough etc) Mast cells appear to explode
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What causes swelling and inflammation?
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Influx of proteins and white blood cells at exposed regions arrive and try to eliminate substance.
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What are other classes of antibodies?
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IgG (free flowing in the blood). Tiny exposure ot allergens over period of time gives rise to IgG antibodies which mitigate onset of an allergy
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What are histamines?
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they exist within hte mast cells, pre-formed and ready to be released at the binding of a substance to its IgE antibody.
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How does key and lock analogy apply?
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Receptors are protein molecules in cells that are locks. When key (molecule) fits into lock causes and triggers reaction.
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What do histamines do?
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Can unlock the receptor that gives rise to the symptoms of allergies. Composed of 2 parts: one part fits into receptor, other part activates the receptor
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What must one do to block allergic reactions?
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Prevent histamine from fitting into the receptor
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What is an anti-histamine?
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key that fits in the lock, but does not unlock it
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What is the first drug designed as an anti-histamine?
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Chlor-tripolon. It fits into all the receptors and blocks out histamine however makes you drowsy
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What is diphenhydramine?
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another anti-histamine that is used as a sleeping aid because of side effect
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What is hismanal?
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non sedating drug. However if it cross reacts with ketoconazol (anti-fungal medication) results in irregular heartbeats (seldane reacts same way with ketoconazol)
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What are some effective nasal decongestants for localized allergic reactions?
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beconase (steroidal therapy) rhinocort, flonase
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Can natural products be effective for allergy relief?
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Yes such as butterbur and stringing nettle (in capsule form)
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What can you do if you have an allergy?
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Avoid the allergen, use ant-histamines, use decongestant if symptoms are localized, immunotherapy (shots)
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How to avoid pollen? dust mites?
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A mask and a pair of glasses attached to a pump that induced airflow in front of your eyes. Dust mites voided by plastic PVC mattress covers
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What is asthma?
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An allergic disease. Brought on by allergen exposure. Triggers include exercise, animals, colds...Constriction of bronchial tubes
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What are leukotrienes?
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released from white blood cells cause asthma (like how histamines cause allergies).
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What is singulair?
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nti-leukotrienes such as singulair aid with condition (used for exercise induced asthma)
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Are asthma inhalers effective? What is one type?
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yes. One type is ventolin which immediately dilate bronchial tubes to allow inflow of air. Also cardiac stimulant so can't be overused.
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What are steroid based inhalers?
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Steroids have an anti-inflammatory effect. Take it regularly to prevent inflammation. Also need ventolin to treat asthma
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What is intal?
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comes in little glass tubes and contains small amount of liquid. Load into a vaporizer. Used to determine whether a person has certain allergies.
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How do they test for inflammation?
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small samples are injected under skin and red swelling measured with ruler to judge the level of inflammation
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What are allergy shots?
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once determine your allergies use them to prevent the allergies. Small doses of a chmically modified allergen are injected. Doses increased over years until body develops a tolerance to substance. Think that IgG formation is induced and these antibodies bind the allergens before they can come into contact with IgEs on mast cells
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What happends once you are a teenager?
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your allergies will not go away
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What do allergy shots work best for?
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bee stings and hay fever
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