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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what did ancient egyptians theorize about the heart?
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that it was the centre of emotions and intellect. they would take the heart out of hte body, put it in a jar to preserve it, and then put it back inside.
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how did the ancient egyptians take out the brain?
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they would put a spike up the nose- they would liquefy the brain using this spike and then suck it out through the nose
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What did the ancient roman Galen do?
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he would observe the heart in open chest cavities, and he would take care of gladiators. he thought the heart actually made blood, and that it delivered the vital spirit to the rest of the body.
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How did Da Vinci contribute to studies of the heart?
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he drew detailed pictures of the heart which allowed for development of a novel surgical procedure
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What did Frances Wells do?
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examined da vinci's pictures and found a new technique to repair heart valves. this technique was performed by robots, while the surgeon controls the arm of the robot.
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who was William Harvey?
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the first to realize the heart was a pump. He realized the heart could circulate the blood through the lungs, where it would be oxygenated, and then to the rest of the body, as he realized all parts required a supply of oxygen
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where is the heart located?
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in the center of the chest cavity
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how big is the heart?
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the size of a human fist
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how much blood does the heart pump?
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5-6 litres of blood per minute, through 100 000 km of blood vessels in our body
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how much does the heart beat?
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2.6 billion times in our lifetime
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what is the pathway of the heart?
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vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, rest of body
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what is the difference between arteries and veins?
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arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood towards it
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what happens to the aorta?
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it begins to subdivide into smaller and smaller arteries, spreading the blood through the body. the smallest ones are called capillaries and red blood cells can pass through these individually. they start to coalesce back into veins to return to the heart.
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what can go wrong?
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failure to pump enough blood (cells would be starved of oxygen), impairment of electrical signal (heart would not pump), reduced flow of blood through coronary arteries (arteries are what feed heart constant supply of oxygen), improper functioning of heart valves (heart's pumping efficiency will be decreased)
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what are the risk factors predisposing us to heart disease?
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family history, baldness, being male, smoking, obesity, diabetes, cholesterol, homocysteine, inflammation, hypertension
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what are two markers that are indicators of greater susceptibility of heart disease?
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baldness, crease on the ear
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is heart disease more prevalent in men or women?
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men
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when does the amount of heart attacks between men and women even out?
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after women have gone through menopause
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does estrogen prevent heart attacks?
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no.
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how is smoking a risk for heart attack?
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carbon monoxide displaces ocygen from hemoglobin, thus less oxygen in the blood might be a problem caused by it
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how is obesity a risk factor?
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the more weight you have, the more blood vessels there are, the harder the heart has to work.
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what happens when someone has diabetes?
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some of the metabolites of carbohydrates produced in diabetics may play a role. because they do not produce enough insulin, there is an excess of glucose in the blood, which is broken down into some compounds that are toxic to muscle cells.
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what are the two systems used for diabetes and what is the conversion?
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milligrams per deciliters, millimoles per litre
mg/dl=mmol/l*18 |
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what is the cutoff for blood glucose?
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7 (good chance you will have diabetes)
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at what level will you have prediabetes?
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between 5.5 and 7
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what percent of people with prediabetes will get diabetes?
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50%
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what is an oral glucose test?
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they will give you a fixed amount of glucose in a solution to drink, and then take your blood an hour later and check the levels
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what is the cutoff after the oral glucose test?
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11 mmol/L you have diabetes, 7.8-11 mmol/L you have prediabeties
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what is hemoglobin A1C?
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a test that gives you an idea of your blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months. this test works by analyzing how much hemoglobin in red blood cells reacted with breakdown products of glucose (7%=8.3 mmol/L)
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what is cholesterol?
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a biochemical necessary for life. our body can make it, and it is used to synthesize a variety of steroidal hormones.
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what happens when cholesterol ends up inside our coronary arteries?
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it will form desposits known as Astherosclerotic plaque and block the flow of blood oxygenating the heart.
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what contains cholesterol?
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animal feed, meat and eggs, saturated fats, amino 6 fatty acids
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what are statins?
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drugs that reduce cholesterol by preventing the liver from making cholesterol
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what is the most popular statin and what are its side effects?
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lipitor, side effects are muscle aches and elevated liver enzymes
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what is homocysteine?
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chemical that has been studies that is a risk factor for heart disease. not necessarily the cause, but a marker. it is formed in the body from amino acid Methionine and requires B vitamins to break it down.
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what is inflammation?
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a condition that includes swelling, increase in temperature, pain
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what is an example of an inflammatory marker and what does it do?
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c-reactive protein is an inflammatory marker- high levels of this indicate higher risk of heart disease. tells us that inflammation is going on somewhere in the body.
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which type of diet is pro-inflammatory and which is anti-inflammatory?
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omega-3 fats are anti-inflammatory (fish oils, canola, flax) and omega-6 fats are pro-inflammatory (corn oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil)
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what causes inflammation and what occurs?
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bacterial or viral infections. the immune system rushes to the area to release their chemicals to kill the invaders. the body sometimes makes a mistake and targets itself, causing autoimmunity.
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can antibiotics treat heart disease?
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yes, but effects were not great.
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how does dental health play a role as a heart disease risk factor?
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poor dental health leads to higher risk of heart disease. when your gums are infected and bleed easily, there is an easy entryway for bacteria to get into the bloodstream. these bacteria can cause infections which lead to inflammation and elevates heart disease risk.
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what is hypertension?
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elevated blood pressure, often related to stress
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how is blood pressure measured?
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systolic/dialostic, units used are millimeters of mercury
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what is the cutoff blood pressure?
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130-135/85-90
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what is white coat hypertension?
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people tend to stress about their blood pressure beig taken and it goes up
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what are the two types of hypertension?
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mentral stress caused, essential hypertension (cause unknown)
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what are ways to reduce blood pressure?
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the DASH diet (high in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy and restricted in fat, low in animal fat and red meat. bananas are good, salt should be cut down
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which medications can be used to treat hypertension?
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diuretics (make you urinate more, by lowering amount of liquid you lower blood pressure) ACE inhbitors (block formation of angiotensin II which increases blood pressure, but can lower white blood cell count) beta blockers (interfere with activity of adrenaline which increases blood pressure), calcium channel blockers (cause arteries to relax and dilate), valsertan (angiotensin II recept antagonist- blocks the receptor that Angiotension II would bind to)
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what is Angina?
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a painful constriction in the chest. when coronary arteries are blocked, oxygen flowing to the heart is slowing down. the pain of angina is caused by this low supply of oxygen.
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what is early cardiovascular disease?
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the preliminary buildup of plaque (not yet dangerous)
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what are atheromas?
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plaques that are significant in size. with formation of large plaques, the heart may not be able to meet its own oxygen requirements because not enough blood can flow through the coronary arteries.
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when does the real danger in angina occur?
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when plaques burst open, forming a blood clot, and plugging up the artery, causing all tissues feeding on this artery to die.
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how do clots form?
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the body perceives it as a cut- blood plateletes gatehr at the site and form a clot.
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what is vasopastic angina?
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angina during rest- arteries go into spasm which can choke off the flow of blood
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what is used to treat angina?
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nitroglycerine (dilates blood vessels, just relieves symptoms, can cause headaches), beta blockers (if you reduce force of contraction of heart, it won't need as much oxygen), calcium antagonists (relaxes the muscles that constrict arteries, widening the blood vessels) Arginine ( promotes formation of nitric oxide which wides blood vessels)
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what is congestive heart disease?
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occurs when angina and high blood pressure are not addressed. left ventricle (most important part of heart) is most affected. blood is not returning to the heart probperly- the serum starts to leak out into the surrounding tissues, and you get dropsy.
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what are causes of congestive heart failure?
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coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, heart valve problems, abnormal heart rhythms, thyroid problems
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who discovered the treatment of dropsy and what is it?
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william withering- treatment comes from foxglove plant. active ingredient in this plant is digitalis (a mix of compounds referred to as cardiac gkycisudes- causes heart to beat more forcefully)
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how is congestive heart failure treated?
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diuretics (reduce fluid build up), ace inhibitors (relax constricted blood vessels) beta blockers (improve pumping function) coenzyme Q 10 (synthesize ATP which increases amount of energy that can be made by cardiac muscle cells)
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what is cardiac arrhythmia?
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heart begins to beat irregulalrly
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how can cardiac arrhythmia be treated?
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drugs can aid. if these fail, a pacemaker can control the heartbeat. it is placed under the skin and takes over the job of the pacemaker which tells the heart when to beat. changing the battery is simpe, you can charge them by use of magnetic induction
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what is a heart attack?
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the most severe heart problem, comes on suddenly and kills people
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what are indicators of a heart attack?
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pain in the chest or arm
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what are heart attacks caused by?
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blockage of a coronary artery, generally where there is already a plaque.
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how is the blood clot in heart attacks formed?
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platelets ahdere to the site of injury, producing a fibril net that ensnares everything passing by
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what is the treatment for a heart attack?
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morphine (to reduce pain) oxygen (to increase oxygen content of blood) nitroglycerine (to dilate blood vessels), aspirin (to dissolve any blood clots that have formed)
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what is ventricular fibrilation and what is it caused by?
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heart begins to fibrilate instead of pumping properly, pumping is very inefficient, caused by blockage of coronary arteries
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what treats ventricular fibrilation
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CPR or a defibrilator (a machine with 2 paddles that delivers an electric shock to the patient's chest),emergency situations require adrenaline and atropine which immediately force contraction of heeart
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what is EKG?
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used to determine what they are dealing with. can diagnose whethere there is any damage to the heart
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how do we treat blood clots?
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aspirin if not too severare, heparin to prevent any further blood clot formation, thrombolytics, TPA (ex. activase- interact with proteins in our blood called plasminogens, which break down into plasmins to dissolve clots)
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how do we physically dissolve a blood clot?
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a catheter is inserted into the leg, and snaked up to the heart. they inflate a balloon at the end to open the site of blockage. a stent is placed to hold artery open but can cause damage
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how does radiation work?
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small pellet is placed in artery- radiation destroys some of the tissue inside the artery which prevents new plaque deposits from forming
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what is laser endarterectomy?
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through a catheter, you can burn through the depost with a laser. but if you miss you can burn through the artery
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what is bypass surgery?
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the chest is opened and the heart is exposed. arteries from the leg are sewn on to the heart, bypassing the site of blockage. sometimes memory is impaired or people don't feel right after
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what is valve surgery?
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faulty valves can be replaced by pig valves or by a simple valve
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what are the difficulties with artificial hearts?
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difficult to engineer one that will meet the needs of the body, power source is difficult to find, blood flowing through artificial hearts can form blood clots, can only be used short term
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heart transplants...
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entails problems such as survival rates, but are commonly performed
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what are all the things used to treat blood clots?
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TPA, balloon angioplasty, radiation, laser endarterectomy, bypass surgery
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