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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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t helper cells?
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cd 4 cells: enhance the ability of phagocytosis, also stimulate b cells to cenverting into plasma cells
-60-70 % |
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cytoxic T cells?
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cd8 cells: solders to kill foreign invaders, like virus, cancer cells, transport cells
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T memory cells?
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remain in lymphatic tissue long after
-provide antigen for years |
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t depressor cells?
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inhibit immune hyper-reaction
-allergic rx |
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nk cells?
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lymphocyetes
-attack & destroy by secreting lymphokines during cell mediated & antibody mediated immunities |
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macrophages?
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migrate to the infected area to ingest microbes
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b lymphocytes?
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-form plasma cells to secret lgs & perform antibody mediated immunity
-some activated b cells do not differentiate into plasma cells but rather remain a memory b cells |
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antibody lg?
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classified gamed
-neutralizing bacterial T -immobilizing bacteria -agglutinating antigen -activating complement system -enhancing phagocytosis -providing fetal newborn immunity |
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antibody characteristics?
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-leevation in multiclasses of lg in chronic infection, elevation in one class in allergic or parasitic disease lgE & multiple myeloma (lgG, lgA, lgD)
-decreases of lgs in congenital or acquired immunodeficiency |
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complement system?
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family of proteins in the bld participates immune response & complements the activity of antibodies
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cytokins?
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including interleukin, interferon & tumor necrosis factor, ect produced by T cells, b cells, macrophages. they regulate immune process & some are used for treating viruses infection & malignant disease
-tx tumors |
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hypersensitivity?
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state of altered immunolgical response in which an shi sevre & harmful immune rx occurs on shi & severe immune rz on exposure to an antigen
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hypersensitivity rx types?
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1. anaphylatic
2. cytotoxic 3. immune complex 4. delayed |
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type 1-anaphylatic?
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immediate immune rx by lgE
-effects vasodilation, edema -allergic rhiniitis, asthma, allergic rx to drugs/foods -focus on skin & bronchi |
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type 2-cytotoxic?
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-targets bld cells, capillaries in glomeruli & lu (lgG &lgM)
-due to binding of specific antibodies -tansfusion rx, hemolytic disease of new born, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, itp, goodpastures sydnrome, ect |
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type 3-immune complex?
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-reaction of lgG or lgM & antigen w/activation of complement
-complex deposited in tissue causes post-strepococcal glomerulonephritis, sle, ect -usually can be detected in the serum |
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type 4-delayed?
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t cell mediated respnse to virus, fungi, certain bacteria & transplant cells. t cells other than antibodies cause the injury
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autoimmune disease?
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results from tissue damage by reacting w/self antigens
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autoimmune mechanism?
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1. alteration of own antigens-type 1 diabetes
2. formation of cross reacting antibodies-rheumatic fever 3. defective regulation-t suppressor cells impair or T helper cells stimulate shi-ly |
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autoimmune characteristics?
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-high levels of auto-antibody or activated lymphocytes such as RF in FA, ANA in SLA
-immune reactions damage antigenic tissue or organ -most diseases are chronic & recurrent, no specific cure or tx -genetic tendency |
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autoimmune classification?
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1. organ specific: autoimmune antibodies attack one organ like graves
2. non-organ specific: multiple organs like rheumatic fever, lupus |
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autoimmune disease principles of theraphy?
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-glucocorticoids: steriods
-immunosuppressive agents -tcm -plasma exchange -other tx |
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aids?
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end stage of hiv infection
-2 viruses cause aids: 1. hiv1: causes aids in most parts of world 2. hiv 2: more prevelant in west africa : -transmission: sex, bld to bld contract, mother to baby |
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aids pathogenesis?
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hiv is a retroviral virus, it has a high affinity for the cd4 protein on the surface of t helper cells, hiv can bind to cd4 & enter cytoplasm quickly replicate & destroy t helper cells
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aids clinical manifestations?
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1. acute
2. asymptomatic phase 3. symptomatic phase |
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acute retroviral syndrome?
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40-70% of hiv infected person experience a syndrome from 2-8 weeks after initial infection
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asymptomatic phase?
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50% untxed cases develop aids w/in 10 years after 10 yrs, 30% have milder s/s, less than 20% are entirely as/s
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symptomatic phase?
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2nd infection: most die from a 2ndary infection, cd4 less than 200
-malignant tumors have a higher incidence |
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hiv diagnosis?
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by detection of serum or salivary antibody to hiv,
-recent infection may be negative= 6 weeks & 3 months |
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hiv tx principles?
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- antiviral therapy: 20 medicines approved by fda
-tx as early as possible -combination of several medicines will enhance the effects -complication tx:antibiotics for infection, ect. chemotherapy for malignant disease, ect. |
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aids tcm tx?
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huang qi, gan cao, chai hu, jin yin hua, dan sheng, huang ie
-xiao chai hu tang -can boost the immune fx, strenghten body resistance & eliminate pathogens |
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MCH (HLA) system & transplant rejection?
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also a immune response
-hypersensitivity type 4 |
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MCH or MLA?
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-major histocompatiibility MHC:
-human leukocyte antigen HLA: |
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MCH (HLA) system & transplant rejection clinical significance?
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1. test before: same bld type, MHC
2. anti-rejection agents: cyclosporin A |
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immune response to tumors?
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1. tumor cells are antigenic: mutated from normal cells & escape from immune sruveillance will cause tumors
2. detection of tumor antigen: AFP, PSA, CEA, ect are used for detection or dx 3. tumor immunotherapy: monoclonal antibodies, lymphokines-activated killer cells & interferon, ect can boost immunity, tcm helps nourish q/bld and also has similar effects |
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polycystic kd disease (PKD)?
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-autosomal dominant iinheritance
-incidence: 1/200-1000 -s/s: pain of kd area, hematuria, renal dysfx, s/s appear 20-50 -tx: dialysis, renal transplantation, tcm can delay the progress |
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autosomal dominant inheritance?
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-one parent can carry & pass the dominant gene
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autosomal recessive inheritance?
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-both parents carry & pass the gene
-2 recessive genes |
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phenylketonuria?
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autosomal recessive inheritance
-lack phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme to convert phenylalanine into tyrosine -can cause brain damage & retardation |
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x linked recessive inheritance?
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defective gene in x chromosome in male is usually expressed, in female will not be expressed but carried to next generations such as hemophilia
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hemophilia?
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-x linked recessive inheritance, usually affects males
A: xu of factor 8 6 x more than b B: factor 9 xu |
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hemophilia s/s?
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-hemorrhage, repeated bleeding
tx: engineered clotting fx, gene therapy |
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codominant inheritance?
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genetic disease caused by both alleles from both parents that are fully expressed
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sickle cell anemia?
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codominant inheritance
-8% African A have one of the genes for abnormal hemoglobin. 1% have 2 genes |
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polygenetic disease?
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the expression also related to environmental factors, such as hypertension, diabetes
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turner sydrome?
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-karyotype: 45, XO
-45 chromosomes with only 1 x -appears to female *notes |
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klinefelters?
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-x set of chromosomes
-appears male *notes |
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fragile x syndrome?
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detective gene on x chromosome susceptive to breakage & x linked inheritance
*notes |
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down syndrome?
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karyotype 21, xxx
*notes |
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prenatal dx?
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samples include amniotic fld, celsl form villi of placenta, venous bld from umbilical cord
1. exam of chromosome & chromatin 2. biochemical & dna anaylisis 3. ultra sound scanning of fetus |
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tx of hereditary disease?
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1. surgery
2. medication 3. diet therapy 4. gene therapy |
