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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Traditional British Industries |
Coal, Iron & Steel, Textiles, Shipbuilding |
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Where were the Old Industries mainly found? |
North of England and in Wales |
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Why did the Textiles Industry decline? |
Popularity of man-made fibres, increasing competition from abroad. |
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Why did the Shipbuilding Industry decline? |
International disarmament, USA & Japan building more cheaply. |
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Why did the Iron & Steel Industry decline? |
Competition from abroad, demand fell, no modernisation. |
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Why did the Coal Industry decline? |
Obselete methods=more expensive to mine, owners wouldn't invest in modernisation. |
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Effect of the Wall Street Crash on Britain |
Dawes Plan failed, Britain's export market collapsed. |
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Ways the Government dealt with the Depression |
Public Spending Cuts, Leaving the Gold Standard, Income Tax Increased, Means Test, Import Duties Act, Ottawa Agreement, Amalgamation,Special Areas Act. |
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Public Spending Cuts |
Government workers had 10% pay cut. |
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The effect of leaving the Gold Standard |
Stopping using the Gold Standard meant exports became cheaper and imports more expensive, companies could sell abroad for high profits. |
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Why was Income Tax increased? |
This meant people took home less money from their wages. It helped repay US loans and cover benefit costs. |
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Means Test
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It decided who qualified for the dole. The amount paid was based on the income of the whole family. There were household inspections & people often sold things to claim more. |
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Import Duties Act
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A 10-20% tariff put on all imports, encouraging people to buy British products. Hoped businesses would grow and unemployment fall.
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Impact of the Import Duties Act
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It didn't benefit the Old Industries & the areas of highest unemployment. Other countries put higher taxes on British goods. Exports suffered. |
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The Ottawa Agreement
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Commonwealth Countries traded on preferential terms. Cheaper to buy goods from Commonwealth and revived export market.
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Amalgamation |
Small firms encouraged to join together to make them more competitive. Many workers sacked. |
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Living standards of the unemployed
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Poverty & diet, women, psychological effects, health & housing
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Poverty & Diet
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Unemployed families bought cheaper food. 1936-1/10th of population seriously malnourished. |
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Women |
First to be laid off, not covered by National Insurance medical treatment, more likely to die in childbirth due to poor nutrition, sacrificed own health and gave food & medicine to children. |
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Psychological Effects
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1st week of unemployment seen as a holiday. After that unemployed men felt guilty about not being the breadwinner, consequently losing their self-respect and self-esteem. |
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Health & Housing |
Poverty & poor diet led to a high infant mortality rate. Overcrowding in houses resulted in poor health with diseases spreading easily.
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Popular Culture & Entertainment
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Radio, Cinema, Television, Sport |
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Radio |
First appeared in 1922 and they were expensive to buy and licence. Mass production made them more affordable and the BBC was set up to run the national radio service. |
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Cinema |
Biggest rival to radio. Tickets were cheap (sixpence). It was a form of escapism from daily life. Most of the films were made in Hollywood. |
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Television |
1936- BBC began live television broadcasts from Alexandra Palace to viewers in the London area. Too expensive for most people. |
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Sport |
People didn't have as much money to spend on watching professional sport so amateur sport did much better. 3 most popular; rugby, boxing & football. Boxing provided escapism from poverty and unemployment. |
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The impact of the 'Light' industries |
A lot of industrial expansion was taking place, the light industries focusing on consumer goods such as cars and cookers thrived. |
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The growth of new industry |
Goods were mass produced in modern factories equipped with the latest technology .e.g. the assembly line. |
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The Motor Industry |
Mass production methods mean thtat the cost of the car came downsignificantly. Sales increased rapidly to 2 million in 1938. |
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Cheap electricity |
It was clean & cheap, it began to replace coal as the nation's main fuel supply. By 1933 the National Grid had been set up, supplying electricity to all regions. The poor could only afford electric lights while the wealthy could buy all the new labour saving devices. |
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Failures of the Special Areas Act |
Too many people unemployed, people needed retraining for new industries, factories were smaller and employed fewer people, investment capped at £2million. |
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The Special Areas Act of 1934 |
It was another way of trying to create jobs by trying to attract teh new industries to areas of poverty; South Wales, Tyneside, West Cumberland & Scotland. |
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Migration |
Thousands of unemployed workers moved from Wales to the North of England to the wealthier areas of Britain. Encouraged to leave by the Government. 1921-1939 the population of Gateshead fell by 20%. |
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British preparations for the war |
shelters, wardens, gas masks, anti-aircraft guns, conscription, barrage balloons. |
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Shelters |
Anderson shelters- designed to protect against falling brickwork when houses were bombed. 400,000 shelters distributed. Morrison shelters & the London Underground. |
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Wardens |
To warn people that there was gas about, the air raid wardens would sound the gas rattle. Children had to take regular gas drills at school. |
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Gas Masks |
During Munich Crisis in 1938, most British adults issued witha gas mask. Children & babies had their own version. |
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How many gas masks were given out? |
38 million by September 1939 |
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Anti-aircraft guns |
1st line of defence against German bombers. |
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Achievements of the anti-aircraft guns |
Boosted civilian morale but were not that successful overall. |
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Conscription |
Military Training Act 1939- all able British men between 20 & 21 had to have 6 months military training. |
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The National Service (Armed Forces) Act |
Boosted numbers of soldiers. All able men 18 & 41 conscripted. |
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Barrage Balloons |
Stopped dive bombing & protected important factories.
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Air Raid Precautions |
Shelters, Wardens, GAs masks, anti-aircraft guns, barrage balloons. |
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Evacuation |
Voluntary but encouraged. 1million vulnerable people. |
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Did evacuation work? |
Some had bad experiences. Change not easy to adapt to. Very emotional |
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Rationing |
September 1939-every householder had to be registered so they could be issued with an identity card and ration book. Rationing introduced 1940. |
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Dig for Victory |
Ministry of Food campaign that encouraged self-sufficiency. |
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Role of Women during the War. |
1943-17 million women 14-64 in the armed forces or essential war work. |
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Women's Armed Forces |
Women's Auxiliary Air Force(WAAF), Women's Royal Naval Services(WRNS), Auxiliary Territorial Services (ATS). |
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Land Army |
80,000 women volunteered to work in the organisation. become known as Land Girls. |
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Churchill's leadership |
Gave memorable speeche that inspired public. Realised need to rearm against Hitler in early '30s. |
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"I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat." |
Winston Churchill. 1st speech as PM. |
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Churchill's impact |
Seen as a hero by British people & many thought his leadership was the main reason for Hitler's defeat. |
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Censorship and Propaganda |
Speeches, patriotic radio broadcasts, bad pictures not allowed to be shown by the media. |
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The Blitz |
Heavy & frequent German bombing raids carried out in retaliation to RAF bombing Berlin. |
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Myth of the Blitz |
Promoted by the Government. People had to get on with life because they had no other choice. |
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Panic & lowering morale |
Fear of German bombing in some cities e.g. Coventry & Southampton. |
