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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the Adrenal Cortex store?
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Lipids, especially cholesterol and fatty acids
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What division of the nervous system controls the Adrenal Medulla
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Sympathetic (Fight or Flight, duh)
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What does Aldosterone do?
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Increases Sodium in blood, decreases potassium. It is stimulated by a lack of Sodium or lack of potassium. It also increases sensitivity of salt receptors in taste buds!
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What does the Zona Fasciculata make?
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Cortisol with corticosterone, liver converts it to cortisone
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What type of effect do glucocorticoids have on production of Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the hypothalamus and ACTH in adenohypophysis?
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Inhibitory
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Which hormone shows anti-inflammatory effects?
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Glucocorticoids. Used to treat arthritis, Lupus, Inflammatory Bowel Disease. If it is used for a long period of time, you get Cushings disease-like effects.
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Which hormone inihibits activities of WBC's and other parts of immune system?
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Glucocorticoids
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Which hormones are under control of ACTH?
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Androgens and Glucocorticoids
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What is Cushings disease?
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Hypersecretion of Glucocorticoids. Mood face, kidney stones, fragile skin, buffalo hump.
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What is Addison Disease?
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Hyposecretion of Glucocorticoids and sometimes mineralcorticoids. Weight loss, fatigue, hypotension, skin darkening.
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What does Epinephrine and Norepinephrine do?
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-Activation of the adrenal medullae has the following effects:
-In skeletal muscles, epinephrine and norepinephrine trigger mobilization of glycogen reserves -And accelerate the breakdown of glucose to provide ATP -This combination increases both muscular strength and endurance. -In adipose tissue, stored fats are broken down into fatty acids -Which are released into bloodstream for other tissues to use for ATP production. -In the liver, glycogen molecules are broken down -The resulting glucose molecules are released into the bloodstream -Primarily for use by neural tissue, which cannot shift to fatty acid metabolism. -In the heart, the stimulation of beta 1 receptors triggers an increase in the rate and force of cardiac muscle contraction. |
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What is the only thing that neural tissue can use for energy?
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Glucose
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What structure of cell takes up 99% of pancreas?
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Acinar Cells
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What are the islet cells in the Pancreas?
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1. Alpha-Glucagon
2. Beta-Insulin 3. Delta Cells-Peptide hormone identical to GH-IH 4. F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide (PP) |
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What effects does Insulin have on Target Cells?
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-Accelerates glucose uptake
-Accelerates glucose utilization and enhances ATP production -Stimulates glycogen formation -Stimulates amino acid absorption and protein synthesis -Stimulates triglyceride formation in adipose tissue. |
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What effect does Glucagon have on target cells?
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-Stimulates breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle and liver cells
-Stimulates breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue -Stimulates production of glucose in liver (gluconeogenesis) |
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What is Diabetes Mellitus?
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Characterized by glucose concentrations high enough to overwhelm the reabsorption capabilities of the kidneys
-Hyperglycemia=abnormally high glucose levels in the blood in general -Glucose appears in the urine, and urine volume generally becomes excessive (polyuria) |
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What are the differences between type 1 and 2 Diabetis Mellitus?
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-Type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus-IDDM)
-Characterized by inadequate insulin production by the pancreatic beta cells -Persons with type 1 diabetes require insulin to live and usually require multiple injection daily, or continuous infusion through an insulin pump or other device -This form of diabetes accounts for only around 5-10% of cases; it often develops in childhood. -Type 2 Diabetes (insulin independent diabetes mellitus - IIDM) -Most common form of diabetes mellitus -Most people with this form of diabetes produce normal amounts of insulin, at least initially, but their tissues do not respond properly, a condition known as insulin resistance. -Type 2 diabetes is associated with obesity -Weight loss through diet and exercise can be effective treatment. |
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What are complications associated with Diabetes Mellitus?
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Complications of untreated, poorly managed diabetes mellitus will mess up the oral cavity
Other complications include: -Kidney degeneration -Retinal damage -Early heart attacks -Peripheral nerve problems -Peripheral nerve damage Kidney Degeneration -Diabetic nephropathy -Degenerative changes in the kidneys, can lead to kidney failure Retinal Damage -Diabetic retinopathy -The proliferation of capillaries and hemorrhaging at the retina may cause partial or complete blindness Early Heart Attacks -Degenerative blockages in cardiac circulation can lead to early heart attacks -For a given age group, heart attacks are three to five times more likely in diabetic individuals than in nondiabetic people. Peripheral Nerve Problems -Abnormal blood flow to neural tissues is probably responsible for a variety of neural problems with peripheral nerves, including abnormal autonomic function -These disorders are collectively termed diabetic neuropathy. Peripheral Nerve Damage -Blood flow to the distal portions of limbs is reduced, and peripheral tissues may suffer as a result -For example, a reduction in blood flow to the feet can lead to tissue death, ulceration, infection, and loss of toes or a major portion of one or both feet! |
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What are the important growth hormones?
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-GH
-Thyroid Hormones -Insulin -PTH and Calcitriol -Reproductive hormones |
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List the types of Growth Hormones and how they contribute to growth?
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Growth Hormone (GH)
-In children: -Supports muscular and skeletal development -In adults: Maintains normal blood glucose concentrations Mobilizes lipid reserves Thyroid Hormones -If absent during fetal development or for first year: -Nervous system fails to develop normally -Mental retardation results If T4 concentrations decline before puberty -Normal skeletal development will not continue. Insulin: -Allows passage of glucose and amino acids across plasma membranes PTH and Calcitriol -Promote absorption of calcium salts for deposition in bone -Inadequate levels cause weak and flexible bones Reproductive Hormones -Androgens in males, estrogens in females -Stimulate cell growth and differentiation in target tissues. -Produce gender-related differences in: -Skeletal proportions -Secondary sex characteristics |
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Explain the 3 phases of the hormonal responses to stress?
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-General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
-Also called stress response -How body responds to stress-causing factors -Is divided into three phases 1. Alarm phase -Fight or Flight, Increases alertness, energy use by all cells, mobilization of glycogen and lipid reserves, changes in circulation, reduction in digestive activity and urine production, increased sweat gland secretion, increased heart rate and respiratory rate. 2. Resistance phase Mobilization of remaining energy reserves:Lipids are released by adipose tissue; amino acids are released by skeletal muscle, conservation of glucose: Peripheral tissues (except neural) break down lipids to obtain energy, Elevation of blood glucose concentrations: Liver synthesizes glucose from other carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids, Conservation of salts and water, loss of K+ and H+. 3. Exhaustion phase (Collapse of Vital Systems) -Exhaustion of lipid reserves, Cumulative structural or functional damage to vital organs, Inability to produce glucocorticoids, Failure of electrolyte balance. |
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What are some effects of hormones on behavior?
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-Can alter intellectual capabilities, memory, learning, and emotional states
-Affect behavior when endocrine glands are over-secreting or under-secreting |
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What are the effects of aging on Hormones?
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-Causes few functional changes
-Decline in concentration of: -Growth hormone -Reproductive hormones |
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What are the differences between hyper/hypo glucose long and short term for diabetics?
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Figure it out man.
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