Wilmore Pathophys Lecture Packet 1

Front 1

Degenerative disorders
shrinking of the cortex

Back 1

Alzheimers

Front 2

Degenerative disorders- shrinking of the hypocampus

Back 2

Depression

Front 3

Ventral Striatum (in Cerebral Cortex)

Back 3

Filter sensory information (Schizophrenia)

Front 4

Dorsal Striatum (in Cerebral Cortex)

Back 4

Motor control (Parkinsons)

Front 5

Site for opioid analgesia

Back 5

Spinal Cord

Front 6

Long Hierarchical pathways :Neurotransmitters

Back 6

Glutamate(mostly afferent) / Acetylcholine (mostly efferent)

Front 7

Local circuit neurons: Neurotransmitters and which is Yin and Yang?

Back 7

Glycine (inhibitory) Gaba (inhibitory)/ Glutamate (excitatory) Aspartate (excitatory) Peptides
Yin and Yang is GABA / Glutamate
Modulate Themselves and each other

Front 8

Single Source Divergent Neurons: Neurotransmitters

Back 8

Big 3 monoaminergic Neurotransmitters: DA, NE, 5HT
Clusters of neurons sit atop brain stem and throw long axons that are highly branched throughout brain

Front 9

What is Neuroglia

Back 9

Support molecules that function in uptake of neurotransmitters and terminate signal

Front 10

Can dendrites secrete neurotransmitter?

Back 10

Yes

Front 11

Colocalized receptors

Back 11

Dopamine receptors expressed on dendrites of a glutamatergic neuron "hetero-receptor expression"
Modulate each other not only on terminal spaces but on dendritic spaces too

Front 12

Types of autoreceptors (2)

Back 12

Somato-dendritic and terminal autoreceptors.

Front 13

Drives up-stroke of action potential and what shuts it off?

Back 13

Sodium / Potassium

Front 14

Somatosomatic/ dendrodendritic

Back 14

cell body to cell body /
dendrite to dendrite

Front 15

What are Axoaxonic Synapses

Back 15

terminal to terminal (neurotransmitter decrease or increase release of another neurotransmitter from the terminal) *pre-synaptic inhibition*

Front 16

What is a telodentritic synapse

Back 16

Special neurons without axons that influence each other

Front 17

Can a neuron secrete more than one neurotransmitter?

Back 17

YES

Front 18

Examples of Ligand-gated ion channels (4)

Back 18

Nicotinic / Glutamate / GABA / Glycine

Front 19

Examples of G Protein Coupled Receptors (3)

Back 19

Adrenergic (alpha and beta), Serotonin, Opioid peptides also monoamines, acetylcholine muscarinic receptors

Front 20

Examples of Catalytic receptors

Back 20

Neuropeptides and Hormones

Front 21

Example of a co-released transmitter

Back 21

Dopamine and Glutamate (hetero-transmitter) / Dopamine and Neurotensin / Neuropeptide Y and Norepinephrine

Front 22

Regulation of Autoreceptors: What is Axonal feedback on soma or dendrites?

Back 22

Impulse modulating

Front 23

What are the 4 major targets for pre-synaptic control of neurotransmitters?

Back 23

Synthesis
Storage
Release
Termination of activity

Front 24

What are the two ways neurotransmitter activity is terminated in the synaptic cleft? (and what percentages are they)

Back 24

80% Reuptake
20% Enzyme Degradation (except for acetylcholine)

Front 25

The what kind of transmembrane protein is the re-uptake transporters on the pre-synaptic membrane?

Back 25

12 trans membrane

Front 26

What cation is the trigger signal for vesicles to exocytose and release neurotransmitters into the synapse?

Back 26

Ca2+

Front 27

Which vesicle is prone to enzyme degradation in the pre-synaptic terminal?

Back 27

The smaller vesicles. The larger vesicles have protection against degradative enzymes

Front 28

What results in "less bang for your buck?"

Back 28

When you inhibit the active transporter that transports neurotransmitters into the large vesicles within the pre-synaptic terminal, the vesicle becomes leaky and less neurotransmitter is available for release

Front 29

What are the two types of autoreceptors?

Back 29

Somatodendritic and terminal auto receptors

Front 30

What is the main effect of impulse modulation? And give an example of a drug that does this.

Back 30

Impulse modulation is a method of pre-synaptic regulation of autoreceptors and has the effect of changing the firing rate of the soma. Buspar (buspirone) affects the serotonin 1A receptors

Front 31

What is a fast and slow method of changing neurotransmitter synthesis rate in the terminal?

Back 31

Fast is phosphorylation
Slow is changing the gene reading (change number of precursor synthesized)

Front 32

What are the special nerves V,VI,VII, and VIII responsible for?

Back 32

Chewing, taste, and salivation

Front 33

Does our brain work Top Down filtering or Bottom Up filtering?

Back 33

Top Down filtering

Front 34

What part of the brain is "Executive control"

Back 34

Cerebral cortex

Front 35

What is the major reward center of the brain?

Back 35

Nucleus Accumbens

Front 36

What is the major rage, fear, and emotion center of the brain?

Back 36

Amygdala

Front 37

Where does the monoaminergic neurons originate?

Back 37

Midbrain / Brainstem
DA - substantia nigra / ventral tegmentum
NE - lateral tegmentum
Serotonin - raphe nuclei

Front 38

What is a phenotypic switch and give an example.

Back 38

When a brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) causes differentiation of a specific neuron class into another type. IE: Adrenergic --> Cholinergic
IE: Dopaminergic --> Glutamatergic (caused by Glia derived neurotrophic factor GDNF)