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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Whooping cough is a gram ______
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negative coccobacilli
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Genus and Species of Whooping cough
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Bordetella pertussis
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Whooping cough is AKA
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Pertussis
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How long does the DPaT vaccine last
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10-12 years
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________ may develop a mild case, some cases often serious of whooping cough
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Many adults
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How long is the incubation period for whooping cough?
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7-10 days
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B. Pertusssis interferes with what?
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the action of the ciliated epithelial cells of the trachea.
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How does Bordetella pertussis survive?
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in phagocytes
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Pertussis is mainly seen in who?
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children 5 years and younger
* A pediatric disease |
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What kind of cases are common with pertussis?
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mild cases
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With pertussis there is a persistant cough which may be misdiagnosed as ________
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bronchitits
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Serious B. pertussis cases have...
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-Pneumonia, convulsions, bacteremia
-Brain inflammation -possible death in children due to cyanosis -Severe coughing can compromise respiration and/or cause vomiting -individuals may be more susceptible to secondary infections such as TB |
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There is a rise of adults with whooping cough due to ....
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*Vaccine not strong enough/ wears off
*mutated versions are not stopped by vaccine |
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There is a rise of adults with whooping cough due to ....
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*Vaccine not strong enough/ wears off
*mutated versions are not stopped by vaccine |
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Adult symptoms of whooping cough
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-cough which lasts more than 2 weeks and person is contagious during the coughing stage
-if the case is self limiting the cough will cease in 3 months -weight loss may occur due to the excessive coughing and vomiting -often misdiagnosed |
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Haemophilus infulenzae is a Gram _____ _______ bacilli
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negative pleomorphic
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Haemophilus is normal flora of what?
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nasopharynx
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Specific infections of Haemophilus are:
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Meningitis, otitis media, otitis interna, epiglottis, infantile arthritis, pharyngigits
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___ children die and _____ suffer brain damage due to Haemophilus
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1 in 3.....1 in 3
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Bubonic/ Pneumonic Plague is a Gram ____ bacilli
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negative
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Genus and Species for Bubonic/Pneumonic plague
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Yersinia pestis
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What 3 systems can Yersinia pestis involve?
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Lymphatic System (Bubonic)
Circulatory system Lower respiratory tract (Pneumonic) |
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swollen lymph nodes due to the bubonic plague are called...
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buboes...hence the name bubonic plague
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symptoms of the early stages of the bubonic plague are...
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fever, delirium, and swelling of the lymph nodes.
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what are the hosts of Y. pestis
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rats...but they do not have the disease
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Eventually during the bubonic plague ______ develops and hemorrhagic, _____ lesions appear
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septicemia
blackened ("black death") |
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The blackened lesions that form due to the bubonic plage are what?
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buboes that have become infected
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Y. pestis sometime spread from the blood into the lungs and initiate a _________
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pneumonic plague
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pneumonic plague is generally
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fatal
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in the early stages of pneumonic plague there is ....
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high fever, heavy cough that disperses the bacteria into the air, and thick mucus often with blood.
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pneumonic plague is ____ contagious
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highly
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The bacteria from Y. pestis can spread from diseased and dead animals to other animals through..
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fleas (it is able to also multiply in the flea)
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When infected fleas bite animals or humans, the bacteria are injected....
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subcutaneously
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Genus and species for Tularemia (AKA Rabbit fever)
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Francisella tularensis
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Tularemia is a gram ....
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negative coccobacilli
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Tularemia is a gram ....
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negative coccobacilli
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Hosts for Tularemia are
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*mammals, birds, fish, and blood-sucking ticks and insects
*most common in US are rabbits, muskrats, and ticks *No human to human spread |
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Tularemia Transmission:
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-Bite of an infected tick or contact with an infected animal
-infected animal urine or saliva -consuming infected meat not properly cooked (rabbit or dear) -drinking contaminated water -inhaling bacteria in aerosols -penetrates unbroken skin |
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Tularemia Symptoms:
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-ulcers at the site of contact
-fever and chills -malaise and fatigue -eye infections -enteritis -swollen lymph nodes |
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Legionellosis is AKA
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Legionnaire's disease
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Genus and species of Legionellosis
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Legionella pneumophilia
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Legionellosis is a gram ....
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negative polymorphic bacilli
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How did Legionellosis get its name?
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An epidemic pneumonia afftecting 2000 American Legion members at a convention in philadelphia in 1976
*It was found growing in the air-conditioning vents at the hotel (from still water) |
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How do humans acquire Legionellosis?
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by inhaling the organism from aerosols such as showers, vaporizers, spa, whirlpools, hot tubs, air conditioning systems , cooling towers and grocery store misters.
*Not communicable from person to person |
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Symptoms of Legionellosis :
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Fever, chills, dry nonproductive cough, headache, pneumonia, GI problems, abdominal pain, diarrhea, CNS, and liver and kidney complications
(Cold and flu symptoms) |
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3 most dominant symptoms of anaerobes :
(Clostridia and Bacteriodes Characterisitics) |
*All discharges have a foul odor
*The toxins produce a lesion of necrosis *a bubbling effect with gas production |
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Genus and species of Tetanus (AKA lockjaw)
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Clostridium tetani (matchstick/lollipop)
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Clostridium tetani is a gram ...
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positive terminal spore forming bacilli
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where is tetanus found?
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in dust, soil, and GI tracts of animals and humans
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vegetative cells of tetanus are sensitive to what?
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oxygen
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Pathogenesis for tetanus
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-Spore must enter a wound(especially wounds contaminated by soil or feces)
-when C.tetani cells in the body dies, a potent neurotoxin is produced -Neurons phagocytize the toxin -The toxin works its way to the inhibitory neurons and prevents muscle relaxation (lockjaw) - |
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Symptoms of tetanus:
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~begins 3 days to 3 weeks after infection exposure (spores germinate)
~First sign is a headache followed by spasms of the jaw ~sweating, drooling, grouchiness, heat beat irregularities and constant back spasms ~bones may break; respiratory failure 50% of patients die |
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Genus and species for Botulism
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Clostridium botulinum
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Botulism infection may be ..
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food-borne
infant wound |
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Botulism is a gram
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positive spore forming bacilli
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Botulism if commonly found in
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soil and water
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Pathogenesis of Botulism
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-toxins act by binding irreversibly to neuronal cytoplasmic membranes, thereby preventing the fusion of Ach vesicles to the membrane and the release of Ach into the synapse
-the neurotoxins prevent muscle contraction |
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Botulism transmission:
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improperly canned food (or jars)
honey fed to children and infants contaminated soil and water |
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Infant Botulism
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*Ingestion of spores, which then germinate and colonize in their GI tract
*Infant GI tract does not have enough normal flora (benign bacteria ) to compete with C. botulinum for nutrients an space *Lethargy, mild paralysis and SIDS may result |
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Wound Botulism
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*begins 4 to more days following the contamination of a wound by spores
*unhealed naval of a infant, IV drug users, and nasal cocaine users *cutting cocaine: baby powder, laxatives, comet, ajax, powdered sugar, etc... |
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Food Botulism
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*Consumption of the toxin from contaminated home canned foods or preserved fish
*foods may not appear or smell spoiled |
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Symptoms of Botulism
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Blurred and double vision, think speech, difficulty breathing and swallowing, paralysis similar to stroke, hemorrhage, dilated pupils, constipation
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Treatment for Botulism
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Antitoxins, Boil canned foods for 15 min Antimicrobial drugs, antibodies, and repeated washing of the intestinal tract
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Other uses of Botulism
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*Botox is a weakened form of the toxin
*Scientists consider Botulism toxins the deadliest of all toxins *30 grams (1oz) of the pure toxin would kill all persons in the US *The toxin blocks the release of Ach and muscles are unable to contract |
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Genus and species of Gangrene
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Clostridium perfringes
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Gangrene is a gram...
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positive spore forming bacilli
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Gangrene produces 11 toxins that damge what?
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RBC
WBC Muscle connective tissue ** vascular permeability is also increased |
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C. perfringes transmission:
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*Food poisioning- food contaminated with feces and soil
*Wound infections- spores enter a wound *Surgical incision, puncture, gunshot wound, crushing trauma, or a compound fracture |
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Symptoms of Gangrene:
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**Food poisioning- abdominal pain, and watery diarrhea (No fever, nausea, or vomiting)
**Wound infection- Myonecrosis, (death of muscle and connective tissue) shock, idney failure and death |
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Genus and species of C. Diff diarrhea
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Clostridium difficile
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C. Diff is a ___ forming bacilli
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spore
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C. Diff is an inhabitant of the ...
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intestinal tract
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C. diff only occurs when
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antibiotic therapy alters the normal intestinal flora, allowing overgrowth of toxin producing C. difficlile
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C. difficile infections cause...
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diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, and may lead to fatal colitis
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Who are at high risk of getting C. diff?
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immunosuppressed patients, prolonged hospital recovery, young children, and infants
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C. diff releases what?
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damaging toxins
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C diff. causes 1/2 of what ?
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all nosocomial related infections
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