Whiteboard Rapid Recall Facts From Gold Folder

Front 1

List the "Not to Forget" Topics / Statements for any answer.

Back 1

• Analgesia
  
• Antibiotics
  
• Tetanus
  
• Oxygen
  
• Consent
  
• Parental Discussion
  
• NAI / neglect
  
• Advanced Directive
  
• Documentation
  

Front 2

What are the Paediatric Calculations for:

• Weight
  
• BP
  
• ETT size ?
  

Back 2

• Weight = ( Age + 4 ) x 2
  

• BP = 80 + ( Age x 2 )
  

• ETT = Age / 4 + 4
  

Front 3

Blood Gases :

Corrected Anion Gap

Back 3

AG = Na - [ Cl + HCO3 ] + ( 40 - Albumin / 4 )

Front 4

Blood gases :

Corrected K+ ( for pH )

Back 4

Correct K + = K+ (m) - ( 7.4 - pH ) x 5

OR

For every 0.1 reduction in pH, the K+ decreases by 0.5 mmol/L

OR

Expected K+ = 5.0 + 0.5 x ( 7.4 - pH )

Front 5

Wells DVT Criteria .

• 
  

Back 5

10 variables
Highest score 11

Low risk = < 1 = 3%
Moderate risk = 1-2 = 17%
High risk = > 3 = 75%

Front 6

2 Blood transfusion reaction categories ?

Back 6

1. Immune
2. Non-immune

Front 7

Immune -Related Transfusion reactions ?

Back 7

1. Haemolytic transfusion reaction
2. Febrile transfusion reaction
3. Allergic / Anaphylactic reaction
4. TRALI -Transfusion Associated Lung Injury
5. TACO - Transfusion Associated Circulatory Overload

Front 8

Non-Immune related Blood Transfusion reactions ?

Back 8

1. Circulatory overload
2. Bacterial contamination
3. Electrolyte changes
4. Viral transmission

Front 9

HIV Drug categories ?

Back 9

1. Protease Inhibitors (PI)
2. 1. Non-Nucloeside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
( NNRTI) and
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ( NRTI)

Protease Inhibitors : ' end in' "NAVIR"

NNRTI : 'contain' "VIR"

All others are NRTI

Front 10

Mnemonics for:
HAGMA
NAGMA
Metabolic Alkalosis

Back 10

HAGMA = CAT MUDPILES

NAGMA = HARDUPS

Metabolic Alkalosis = CLEVER PD

Front 11

HAGMA calculations of importance ?

Back 11

Anion Gap = Na+ - Cl - HCO3

Corrected PCO2 = 1.5 x HCO3 + 8 +/- 2

Corrected HCO3 = AG - 12 + HCO3

Osmolar Gap = ( Na+ x 2 ) + Urea + Glucose + Ethanol

Aa Gradient = 7 x FiO2 (%) - PCO2 x 10 / 8
[ PAO2 - PaO2 ]

Front 12

Metabolic Alkalosis Calculations of importance ?

Back 12

Expected PCO2 = last 2 digits of pH
[ Highest PCO2 = 55 ]
or
0.9 x HCO3 + 9

For every 1 mmol/L rise in HCO3 , PCO2 will rise 0.6 mmHg.

Front 13

Respiratory Acidosis Calculations of importance ?

Back 13

For every 10 mmHg rise in PCO2, HCO3 will rise :

Acute : 1 mmol/L
Chronic : 4 mmol/L

Front 14

Respiratory Alkalosis Calculations of importance ?

Back 14

For every 10 mmol/L decrease in PCO2, HCO3 will decrease by :

Acute : 2 mmol/L
Chronic : 4 mmol/L

Front 15

Wells PE Criteria ?

Back 15

7 variables :
Maximum points score = 12.5

Low risk = < 2 = 2 %
Moderate risk = 2-6 = 20%
High risk = > 6 = 50%

Front 16

Corrected sodium for glucose ?

Back 16

Na+ (c) = Na+ (m) + Glucose - 5 / 4

Front 17

Corrected Calcium for albumin ?

Back 17

Ca2+ (c) = Ca2+ (m) + ( 40 - albumin ) x 0.02

Front 18

3 Hypernatraemia Group classifications ?

Back 18

1. Inadequate water intake
2. Excess sodium intake
3. Excess losses water > sodium

Front 19

Hyponatraemia Group Classifications ?

Back 19

1. Hypertonic ------glucose
2. Isotonic ------pseudo HypoNa
3. Hypotonic
a. Hypervolaemia
b. Euvolaemia
c. Hypovolaemia

Front 20

SIADH Criteria ?

Back 20

1. Euvolaemia Clinically
2. Hypotonic
3. Urine osmolarity > 200 mmol/L ( greater than serum osmolarity )
4. Urine Na2+ > 20 mmol/L
5. Normal function for thyroid / renal / adrenal / CVS /liver

Front 21

Corrected HCO3 ?

Back 21

HCO3 (c) = AG - 12 + HCO3

> 30 = additional metabolic alkalosis

< 23 = additional metabolic acidosis

Front 22

Dimension of Emergency Department Quality ?

Back 22

1. Access
2. Safety
3. Effectiveness
4. Acceptability
5. Continuity

Front 23

Categories for Response to a Complaint ?

Back 23

1. Acknowledge
2. Investigate
3. Response
4. Counsel
5. Audit / Quality Control
6. Record

Front 24

Protocols Categories ?

Back 24

Title
Authors
References
Date
Introduction
Administration
Patient selection
Procedure
Monitoring
Post procedure
Date for re-review

Front 25

PERC Rule ?

Back 25

PE Rule-Out Criteria
absence of all = < 2% likelihood of PE
97% sensitive
8 criteria :

Age > 50
Pulse > 100
SaO2 < 95 % RA
Oestrogen (OCP)
Haemoptysis
Recent trauma / surgery
Unilateral leg swelling
Previous DVT / PE

Front 26

Hypercalcaemia ?

Back 26

severe = > 3.4 mmol/L

"HyperCALCEMIAS"

Hyperparathyroidism ** ( most common)
Cancer
Acute renal failure
Lithium ( thiazide diuretics )
Congenital
Endocrine ( Addison's / Thyrotoxicosis )
Milk alkali syndrome
Immobilisation
A and D hypervitaminosis
Sarcoidosis

Front 27

Hypocalcaemia ?

Back 27

Level < 2.0 mmol/L

1. Reduced Absorption
2. Increased excretion
a. Alcoholism **
b Diuretics **
c. CRF
3. Endocrine
a. Hypoparathyroidism **
4. Drugs
a. Diuretics
5. Other
a. Sepsis **
b. Pancreatitis **
c. Massive transfusion
d. Rhabdomyolysis

Front 28

Blood pressure aims in Stroke ?

Back 28

Ischaemic Stroke
- < 220 /110 mmHg
( reduce by 10-20%)

Haemorrhagic Stroke
- SBP < 180 mmHg
- MAP < 130 mmHg

SAH
- SBP < 160 mmHg
- MAP > 130 mmHg

Front 29

Mnemonic for Emergency Department Death Notification ?

Back 29

"GRIEV_ING"
Gather
Resources
Identify
Event (briefly /concisely )
Verify death
_ (pause)
Inquire
Nuts and Bolts
Give information

Front 30

QT Interval nomogram important numbers ?

Back 30

HR 60 QT 480
HR 80 QT 450
HR 100 QT 400
HR 120 QT 350

Front 31

Pancreatitis Mnemonic ?

Back 31

"GET SMASH'D"

Gallstones 45%
Ethanol 35%
Trauma
Surgical (ERCP)
Mumps / Hepatitis
Autoimmune ( SLE / PAN )
Steroids
Haematological
Drugs

Front 32

Ransons' Criteria ?

Back 32

1. Age > 55
2. WCC > 16,000
3. LDH > 400
4. AST > 250
5. Glucose > 11

1. Hct Fall > 10%
2. Urea rise > 1.8
3. Ca2+ < 1.9
4. Base Deficit > 4
5. PaO2 < 60
6. Estimated Fluid sequestration > 4L

Front 33

Mnemonic For Ranson's Criteria ?

Back 33

"HELLO RANSON"
Hyperglycaemia
Elevated AST > 250
Leukocytosis > 16
LDH > 400
Older > 55
Renal Failure ( Urea raised)
Anaemia ( Hct drop)
No calcium ( Hypocalcaemia )
Sequestration Fluid > 4L
Oxygen drop
No albumin

Score 3-4 = 15% mortality

Front 34

Bleeding risk factors whilst taking warfarin ?

Back 34

1. Major bleed within 4 weeks
2. Surgery < 2 weeks
3. Platelets < 50
4. Antiplatelet / Anticoagulation
5. Liver disease

Front 35

Bleeding categories for warfarin ?

Back 35

1. Life threatening and INR > 1.5
2. "Clinically significant" bleeding and INR > 2.0
3. Any INR and minor bleeding
4. INR > 10 and no bleeding
5. INR 4.5 - 10 and no bleeding
6. INR 3 - 4.5 and no bleeding

Front 36

Treatment for each category of warfarin / INR and bleeding / no bleeding ?

Back 36

1. Life threatening bleeding and INR > 1.5
[ PTX + FFP + VK ]
2. "Clinically significant bleeding and INR > 1.5
[ PTX and VK ]
3. Any INR and minor bleeding
[ VK if "high risk" - 5 criteria * ]
4. INR > 10 and no bleeding
[ VK +/- PTX if RF for bleeding * ]
5. INR 4.5 -10 and no bleeding
[ VK if RF ]
6. INR 3 -4.5 and no bleeding
[ omit warfarin ]

Front 37

TIA "ABCD2" score

Back 37

Age > 60
Blood pressure > 140/90
Clinical features * [ speech / unilateral weakness ]
Duration : 10 min / 10-60 /> 60 min
Diabetes

Scoring and 7 days stroke risk :
Low risk = < 3 = 15%
Moderate risk = 4-5 = 20%
High risk = 6-7 = 25%

Front 38

Ectopic pregnancy and staged / expected Ultrasound findings ?

Back 38

( TV USS ):
Gestational sac 5 weeks
Yolk sac 6 weeks
Fetal Pole 7 weeks
Fetal HR 8 weeks

Front 39

Ectopic pregnancy and "Discriminatory Zone" ?

Back 39

"Lower" discriminatory zone for TV USS : 5-6 weeks

1500-2000 IU/mL

"Upper" Discriminatory zone for TA USS: 6-7 weeks

3000-4000 IU/mL

Front 40

Amide Local Anaesthetics ?

Back 40

" 2 'i's "

Bupivicaine 2 mg/kg
Prilocaine 3 mg / kg
Lignocaine 5 mg/kg

Front 41

Maximum Safe dosing in Local Anaesthetics for Bupivicaine , Lignocaine +/- adrenaline ?

Back 41

Bupivicaine 0.5% = 2 mg / kg

Bupivicaine 0.5% + adrenaline = 3 mg / kg

Lignocaine 1.0% = 5 mg/kg

Lignocaine 1.0% + adrenaline = 7 mg / kg

Front 42

Differentiating Central and Peripheral Vertigo ?

Back 42

"INFARCT" Acronym

Any of the following = central cause

Impulse Normal (head impulse testing )
Fast-phase alternating ( multidirectional nystagmus)
Refixation on Cover test ( test of skew abnormal )

Any 1 = 100% sensitive for central cause

Front 43

Monteggia and Galeazzi Fracture mnemonic ?

Back 43

"MUGR"

Monteggia = ulnar #
Galeazzi =radial #

Front 44

APGAR scoring ?

Back 44

At 1 and 5 minutes post delivery
5 components
score 0/1/2 each
Minimum 0 maximum 10

Activity
Pulse +/- 100
Grimace
Appearance +/- cyanosis
Respirations

Front 45

Cyanotic CHD presentations ?

Back 45

1. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
2. Transposition of Great vessels (TOV)
3. Truncus arteriosus
4. Ebstein's Anomoly
5. Tricuspid atresia

Front 46

5 Absolute contraindications for thrombolysis ?

Back 46

1. Cerebral malignancy
2. Any Hx Haemorrhagic stroke
3. Ischaemic stroke within 3-6 months
4. Active Internal bleeding within 2 weeks
5. Suspected Thoracic dissection

Front 47

Adrenaline dosing ?

Back 47

Cardiac arrest
1 mg 1:10,000 after second shock and every 4 minutes
0.1 mL/kg 1:10,000 for Paediatrics

Anaphylaxis
0.3 -0.5 mL 1:1000 IMI
Paeds 0.01 mL /kg 1:1000

Upper airway obstruction
5 mL 1:1000

Front 48

Pulmonary Fibrosis Causes ?

Back 48

Upper = SCART
Sarcoidosis / Silicosis
Coal Miner's Lung
Ankylosing Spondylitis / Allergic Alveolitis / Aspergillosis
TB

Lower = BRASHI
Bronchiectasis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Asbestosis
SLE
Hamman Rich
Idiopathic

Front 49

Bohler's Angle for calcaneal fracture ?

Back 49

It is formed by the intersection of :

1) a line from the highest point of the POSTERIOR ARTICULAR FACET to the highest point of the POSTERIOR TUBEROSITY , and
2) a line from the POSTERIOR ARTICULAR FACET to the highest point on the ANTERIOR ARTICULAR FACET.

** An angle < 20° suggests a depression of posterior facet and possible calcaneal fracture.

Front 50

The "THE MISFITS" Neonatal Mnemonic for disease presentations ?

Back 50

Trauma
H3 : Heart disease / Hypoxia / Hypovolaemia
Endocrine
Metabolic - Electrolytes ( Ca2+)
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Sepsis
Formula mishaps
Intestinal catastrophes 2 ( volvulus / enterocolitis )
Toxins / Poisons
Seizures

Front 51

Category ages for Paediatric Joint pain ?

Back 51

1 - 3
4 - 10
11 - 15

Front 52

Kawasaki Disease Components and Progression ?

Back 52

In order :

Fever 99%
Rash 80 %
Lymphadenopathy 50%
Conjunctivitis 90%
Mucosal changes 90%
Peripheral changes 65%

Front 53

"SAD PERSONS' Suicide risk assessment ?

Back 53

Sex male
Age < 19 or > 45
D2 depressive symptoms
Previous Psychiatric Dx / Care
Ethanol / drug use / abuse
R2 Rational thinking loss
Separated / Single
O2 Organised Plan
No supports
S2 States future intent

DROS = 2 points ( all other 1 point )
Score > 8 = high risk

Front 54

CT Brain signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) ?

Back 54

1. Midline shift ( + Ventricle compression )
3. Sulcal effacement
4. Loss of grey-white differentiation.
5. 4th ventricle compression

Front 55

Alcohol withdrawal scoring (AWS) ?

Back 55

Severe = > 25
Moderate - severe = 11-15
Mild = 6- 10

Front 56

Alcohol Manifestation categories ?

Back 56

1. Autonomic excitation
2. Neuro-excitation
3. Delerium Tremens

Front 57

4 PIB (Pressure Immobilisation Bandage) Indications ?

Back 57

1. Snake Bite
2. Blue-ringed Octopus
3. Sydney Funnel-web spider
4. Cone Shell sting

Front 58

Canadian C-spine rule ?

Back 58

Mandatory Imaging - High risk features :
1. Age > 65
2. Extremity Parasthesia
3. Dangerous mechanism
a. Fall > 1m / 5 stairs
b. Axial load
c. Dangerous MVA : ( High speed > 100 kph ; ejection ; rollover )
d. Motorcycle accident (any)
e. Bicycle accident (any)

Imaging not required with low risk criteria -allows safe testing of neck ROM (able to rotate neck 45 degrees) :
1. Delayed onset neck pain
2. Walking post accident
3. Sitting in ED
4. No midline neck tenderness
5. Simple MVA ( rear-end

Sensitivity : 100%
Specificity : 43%

Front 59

NEXUS C-spine rule Sensitivity and Specificity ?

Back 59

99.6 % Sensitivity
13 % Specificity

Front 60

Pulmonary Embolus in Pregnancy Radiation risks ?

Back 60

Dose required for Harm :

Maternal : > 10 mGy
Fetal : > 50 mGy

VQ scan < 1 mGy

CTPA = 10-60 mGy for Maternal **
< 1 mGy for Fetus

** = Increased breast Ca risk for over 35 year olds
= 13% greater with CTPA than with VQ

Front 61

"Relative" Indications for CT brain / Observation in Paediatric Head Injury.

(History and Examination )

Back 61

History
1. LOC > 5 minutes
2. Amnesia > 5 minutes
3. Seizures > 2 minutes
4. Dangerous mechanism

Examination
1. Vomiting -persistent
2. GCS < 15 -persistent

* Age < 1 :
1. Persistent GCS < 15
2. Bruise / swelling > 5 cm

Front 62

"Light's Criteria" for Pleural effusion ?

Back 62

Likely exudate > transudate if :
1. LDH ratio effusion / blood > 0.6
2. Protein ratio > 0.6

Drain effusion if :
1. Gram stain +
2. pH < 7.2
3. Glucose < 3.3

Front 63

Risk Assessment for Overdose ?

Back 63

"RRSI DEAD"

Resuscitate
Risk assessment
Supportive care
Investigations
Decontaminate
Enhanced Elimination
Antidotes
Disposition

Front 64

In Overdose what are the options for
Decontamination ?

Back 64

1. Activated Charcoal
2. Whole Bowel Irrigation (WBI)

Also consider clothing removal and cleansing skin as a form of decontamination eg. organophosphates.

Front 65

Snake Bite envenomation Complications and snake specific aetiology ?
VICC
MAHA + Thrombocytopenia
Cardiotoxicity
Neuropathy
ARF-Rhabdomyolysis

Back 65

Venom-Induced Consumptive Coagulopathy (VICC)
1. Brown Snake
2. Tiger
3. Taipan
MAHA + Thrombocytopenia
1. Brown
2. Tiger
3. Taipan
Cardiotoxicity
1. Brown
Neuropathy
1. Tiger snake
2. Taipan
3. Death Adder
4. Sea Snake

ARF and Rhabdomyolysis
1. Tiger
2. Taipan
3. Black
4. Sea Snake

Front 66

Elimination Techniques in Toxicology / Overdose ?

Back 66

1. MDAC
2. Urinary Alkalinisation
3. Haemodialysis / Haemofiltration
4. Charcoal Haemoperfusion

Front 67

Sodium Bicarbonate Indications ?

Back 67

1. Na Channel blockade Cardiotoxicity
2. Salicylate toxicity:
a. Prevents redistribution of salicylates to CSF
b. Urinary Alkalinisation (Salicylates )
4. Life-threatening metabolic acidosis (Toxic alcohols)
5. Increased urinary solubility (Rhabdomyolysis )

Front 68

List the "2 Pills Can Kill" tablets in Paediatrics.

Back 68

1. Antiarrhythmics
- CCB / BB ( Propranolol)
- Class Ic = flecainide
2. TCA
2. Oral Hypoglycaemics ( Sulphonyureas )
3. Opioids - methadone
4. Clonidine
5. Recreational drugs : ecstasy

Front 69

List the Symptoms /signs of the Cholinergic Toxidrome.

Back 69

"SLUDGE and Killer BBBees"
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urinary incontinence
Diarrhoea
Gastrointestinal pain
Emesis

Bronchospasm
Bronchorrhoea
Bradycardia

Nicotinic features:

Tachycardia
Fasciculations
Weakness

Front 70

Anticholinergic Toxidrome Features ?

Back 70

Mydriasis and accommodation failure : "Blind as a bat "
Dry mouth - dehydrated " dry as a bone"
Red hot skin
Hyperthermic " red as a beet and hot as a hare"
Tachycardia " fast as a ferret"
Hypertensive
Urinary retention + constipation " stuffed as a pipe"
Agitated delerium " Mad as a hatter"

Front 71

Drugs causing a Prolonged QT Interval ?

Back 71

1. Antiarrhythmics [ Ia and C ; III ]
2. AntiPsychotics [ Seroquel ; olanzapine ]
3. Antidepressants [ TCA ; venlafaxine ]
4. Antihistamines [ Loratidine ]
5. Antimalarials [ Chloroquine ]
6. Antibiotics [ erythromycin ]

Front 72

What are the antidotes for Organophosphate and Isoniazid poisoning - (they re similar sounding drugs) ?

Back 72

Organophosphates :
Pralidoxime 2 G bolus and 500 mg/Hr infusion

Isoniazid : Pyridoxine ( 1-5 G )

Front 73

What is the "MIST" Mnemonic for Emergency Trauma History ?

Back 73

M = Mechanism
I = Injuries
S = Signs
T = Treatment

Front 74

In regards to assessment of the trauma patient , the "Potential life threats"Mnemonic "ATOM CF" stands for ?

Back 74

Airway obstruction
Tension pneumothorax
Open pneumothorax
Massive haemothorax
Cardiac Tamponade
Flail chest

Front 75

In regards to the assessment of the trauma patient, and "Delayed life threats", what does the mnemonic "PAM DOT" stand for ?

Back 75

Pulmonary contusion
Aortic disruption
Myocardial contusion
Diaphragm injury
Oesophageal injury
Tracheobronchial injury.

Front 76

What are the CHADS 2 components and their values ?

Back 76

C = CHF ( EF < 35%) score 1
H = Hypertension score 1
A = Age > 75 score 1
D = Diabetes score 1
S = Stroke / TIA Hx score 2

Front 77

What are the treatments in the CHADS 2 scoring
system ?

Back 77

Score 0 = aspirin
Score 1 = aspirin or warfarin
Score > 2 = warfarin

- Warfarin prevents 23 ischaemic strokes per 1000 patients AND causes 9 major bleeds

- Relative risk reduction for stroke = 60%
Absolute risk reduction for stroke = 3%

Front 78

In Needlestick exposures, What 2 Blood tests, test the Infectivity of the source, and the immunity of the patient ?

Back 78

Source infectivity = Hbe Ag

Patient Immunity = Hbs Ab

Front 79

What does the Acronym "RULE" stand for in Management / Treatment planning for critically unwell patients?

Back 79

Resources
Urgency
Local Practice
Expertise

Front 80

(James 'Hay-ism' ) : The 4 causes for anything ?!

Back 80

1. Idiopathic
2. Infection
3. Drugs
4. Malignancy

Front 81

What are the 3 "C's" of Treatment ?

Back 81

1. Treat the CAUSE

2. treat the COMPLAINT

3. Treat the COMPLICATIONS

Front 82

Causes of Macrocytic Anaemia

Back 82

B12 / Folate Deficiency

Haemolysis

Myelodysplasia

Liver disease (Alcohol)

Pregnancy (Embryo)

My Blood Has Large Erythrocytes

Front 83

Haemolytic Screen Tests

Back 83

Increased

Reticulocytes

Bilirubin (Direct)

LDH

Schistocytes

Decreased

Haptoglobin

Front 84

List the Important Age-Based Criteria for the various Decision rules ( eg. PERC)

Back 84

50 = PERC

55 = Ranson

60 = ABCD2 rule for TIA

65 * = 1. CURB 65

2. TIMI risk score

3. Canadian C-Cpine Rules

70 = nil

75 = CHADS2 for AF

80 = TpA cut off for Stroke Thrombolysis (Relative)

Front 85

List the Dynamic manouevres that cause the murmur of HOCM to get louder

Back 85

manouevres that decrease preload

1. Valsalva

2. Standing

3. isotonic exercise

Front 86

List the manouevres that cause the murmur of HOCM to get softer

Back 86

manouevres that increased preload or increase afterload

1. Squatting

2. Leg raise

3. Isometric exercise (handgrip)

Front 87

List the manouevres that make the aortic stenosis murmur louder?

Back 87

Increased preload:

1. Leg raise

2. Squatting

Front 88

List the manouevres that make the aortic stenosis murmur SOFTER ?

Back 88

Increased afterload
1. Isometric exercises (handgrip)

Reduced preload

1. Valsalva

2. Standing

Front 89

What are the 4 Medical Ethics Principles as per Beauchamp and Childress ?

Back 89

1. Respect for Autonomy

2. Beneficence

3. Non-Maleficence

4. Justice

Front 90

Mnemonic for Collapse / Confusion / Coma :

"A-E-I-O-U--T-I-P-S "

Back 90

Alcohol intoxication / withdrawal

Epilepsy ( Seizure / post ictal )

Infection ( Sepsis / meningoencephalitis )

Oxygen ( Hypoxia / Hypercarbia / CO / CN)

Uraemia (Metabolic ; Encephalopathy )

T3 ( Trauma / Toxins / Temperature)

Insulin ( Hyper/Hypo glycaemia )

Psychyciatric

Stroke Syndromes

Front 91

Delta Gap-Ratio = ?

Back 91

Anion Gap - 12 / 24 - HCO3

> 2.0 = Co-existent Metabolic Alkalosis

1.0 - 2.0 = Pure HAGMA

0.4 - 1.0 = Mixed Metabolic Acidosis

<0.4 = NAGMA (Hyperchloraemic )

Front 92

Hansen and Amdisen classification for

Chronic Lithium toxicity ?

Back 92

Grade I - Tremor, hyperreflexia, ataxia, agitation, muscle weakness

Grade II - Rigidity, hypertonia, hypotension,

stupor.

Grade III - Myoclonus, seizures , Coma