Wheelock's Supplementary Syntax

Front 1

Genitive of Material

Back 1

x (made) of y

Front 2

Dative of Purpose

Back 2

(1) expresses purpose for which something serves
(2) Trans. w/ "for" or "as" | e.g. "for pleasure" or "as a gift"
(3) Very often seen in the double dative construction

Front 3

Double Dative

Back 3

(1) Dative of Reference followed by a Dative of Purpose
(2) Trans. Dat. of Purpose, then Dat. of Reference.

Front 4

Dat. of Possession

Back 4

(1) used w/ sum
(2) Translation: (i) Object in Dative becomes the subject, (ii) trans. sum as "have" (habeō), and (iii) Subject becomes the object.
e.g. liber est mihi | lit. "the book is to me." --> "I have a book"

Front 5

Ablative of Specification

Back 5

(1) Describes in what respect a verb or adjective holds true. (or alternatively, as a limiting word to that verb or adjective)
(2) Trans. w/ "in" | e.g. "rich in gold" or "excel in war," etc.

Front 6

Ablative of Cause

Back 6

Trans. as "from" or "because of"
e.g. "he cowered from fear" or "he cowered because of his fear."

Front 7

Ablative of Degree of Difference

Back 7

Used with comparative adjectives and adverbs to indicate the degree of the difference.
e.g. multō fortius bellō pugnāvit. | He fought *much more bravely in war.

Front 8

Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Discourse

Back 8

(1) The verb of this subordinate clause contains a subjunctive verb.
(2) cf. Seq. of Tenses in embedded sub. clauses

Front 9

Sequence of Tenses in Embedded Subordinate Clauses

Back 9

If a subordinate clause depends on an Infinitive, Participle, Gerund, or Supine and:
(1) the finite verb is in a past tense | subordinate verb depends on the finite verb.
(2) the finite verb is in a present time | The subordinate verb depends on the form of the dependent verb if it had been independent.