Wheelock Grammar, Chs 33 & 34

Front 1

conditionals: simple fact present

Back 1

pres. indicative in both clauses; translate verbs as present indicatives

Front 2

trans: Si id facit, prudens est.

Back 2

simple fact present: If he is doing it [and it quite possible that he is], he is wise.

Front 3

conditionals: simple fact past

Back 3

past tense (perf. or imperf.) indicative in both clauses; translate verbs as past indicatives.

Front 4

trans: Si id fecit, prudens fuit.

Back 4

simple fact past: If he did this [and quite possibly he did], he was wise.

Front 5

conditionals: simple fact future (sometimes called "future more vivid")

Back 5

future indicative in both clauses; translate the verb in the protasis as a present tense (with future sense in Eng.), the verb in the conclusion as a future.

Front 6

trans: Si id faciet, prudens erit.

Back 6

simple fact future ("future more vivid"): If he does (will do) this [and quite possibly he will], he will be wise.

Front 7

conditionals: contrary to fact present

Back 7

imperfect subjunctive in both clauses; translate with auxiliaries "were (...ing)" and "would (be)"

Front 8

trans: Si id faceret, prudens esset.

Back 8

contrary to fact present: If he were doing this [but in fact he is not], he would be wise [but he is not].

Front 9

conditionals: contrary to fact past

Back 9

pluperfect subjunctive in both clauses; translate with auxiliaries "had" and "would have"

Front 10

trans: Si id fecisset, prudens fuisset.

Back 10

contrary to fact past: If he had done this [but he did not], he would have been wise [but he was not].

Front 11

conditionals: future less vivid ("should-would")

Back 11

Present subjunctive in both clauses; translate with auxiliaries "should" and "would"

Front 12

trans: Si id faciat, prudens sit.

Back 12

future less vivid: If he should do this [and he may, or he may not], he would be wise.

Front 13

deponent verbs ...

Back 13

have passive endings but with (with a few exceptions) essentially active meanings. Deponents are generally conjugated according to the same rules as regular verbs in the passive voice.

Front 14

Three exceptions to the "passive forms with active meanings" rule for deponent verbs:

Back 14

(i) present and future active participles have active forms with active meanings (e.g. hortans - urging, hortaturus - about to urge); (ii) gerundive (fut. pass. part.) has passive form with passive meaning (e.g. hortandus - to be urged); (iii) future infinitive has active form with active meaning (hortaturus, -a, -um esse - to be about to urge).

Front 15

present imperative of deponent verbs: second person singular (e.g. hortor, hortari ...)

Back 15

stem + re; e.g. hortare (same as alternative second person active sing; looks like non-existent pres. act. infinitive)

Front 16

present imperative of deponent verbs: second person plural (e.g. fateor, fateri, ...)

Back 16

stem + mini; e.g. fatemini (same as second pers. pl. of pres. indicative);

Front 17

semi-deponent verbs are ...

Back 17

normal in the present system, but are deponent in the perfect; (e.g. audeo, audere, ausus sum (I dared); gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum (I rejoiced))

Front 18

ablative of means with special deponents (most common? others: to enjoy, to perform, to possess, to eat?)

Back 18

The ablative of means is used idiomatically with a few deponent verbs of which utor (and its compounds) is the most common (others: fruor, to enjoy; fungor, to perform; potior, to possess; vescor, to eat)

Front 19

trans: Utitur stilo.

Back 19

Literally: He is benefiting himself by means of a pencil. Idiomatically: He is using a pencil. [abl. of means with special deponents]

Front 20

trans: Non audent uti navibus.

Back 20

Literally: The do not dare to benefit themselves by means of the ships. Idiomatically: they do not dare to use the ships. [Abl. of means with special deponents.]