Consequences Of The English Civil War

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January 1649

Back 1

The trial of Charles I

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6 December 1648

Back 2

Pride's Purge: a Parliamentary army surrounded the House of Commons and only allowed entry to those who supported putting Charles I on trial: the 'Rump Parliament'.

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Rump Parliament

Back 3

The 240 MPs who wanted to put Charles I on trial, after Pride's Purge had removed more moderate voices.

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Charges that were brought against Charles I

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He had abused his powers as King, ruling as a tyrant. He had declared war on his own people. He had attempted to turn the French and Irish against his own people. He had restarted the war be encouraging the Scots to invade.

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30 January 1649

Back 5

The execution of Charles I

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Commonwealth

Back 6

Another name for the period of government of England by Parliament and the army, without the King. Another term for republic.

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Drogheda Massacre

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When 3,500 Catholic Irish people were killed in a town in Ireland in 1649. A sign of Cromwell's military power and brutality.

Front 8

Wexford

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A town where 1,500 were killed during Cromwell's conquest of Ireland in 1649.

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Barebone's Parliament

Back 9

Cromwell's 'Parliament of the Saints', and the second Parliament he dissolved after the Rump. Cromwell intended it to make laws according to strictly Puritan values.

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Lord Protector

Back 10

Oliver Cromwell's title from 16th December 1653. Not 'King Oliver', but surprisingly like it. His swearing in looked a great deal like a coronation, and he was able to nominate a successor (his son Richard) just like a king.

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Major-Generals

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Eleven military governors appointed by Cromwell to rule England from 1655. They were in charge of keeping law and order and introducing Cromwell's religious ideas on 'godly' behaviour. They were extremely unpopular and had to be abolished in 1657.

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Things that were banned by Oliver Cromwell

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The theatre, dancing, singing, drinking alcolhol, celebrating Christmas.

Front 13

3 September 1658

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Death of Oliver Cromwell. He was succeeded by his son Richard, just as a king would be.

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Tumbledown Dick

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Name given to Richard Cromwell because of his humiliating fall from power. He was forced to resign in May 1659, lacking the support of the army.

Front 15

General George Monck

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The commander of the army in Scotland. In the uncertainty that followed Richard Cromwell's resignation, he marched south and decided to recall the Long Parliament, and negotiate with Charles Stuart (Charles II)

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Declaration of Breda

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A declaration signed by Charles II in April 1660 promising to allow a free Parliament, fair wages for soldiers and pardons for those who had fought against Charles I.

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May 1660

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Parliament declares Charles II to be the rightful king of England. He returns from exile in France and the Restoration of the monarchy is complete.

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1660-85

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When was the reign of Charles II?

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The 'Merrie Monarch'

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Charles II's nickname because of his extravagant, fun-loving lifestyle and many mistresses

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Nell Gwynn

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One of the many mistresses of Charles II (and a Chinese restaurant in Windsor)

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Glorious Revolution

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A name given to the events of 1688: the Catholic, absolutist King James II (1685-8) was forced to flee the country when leading MPs invited the Protestant WIlliam of Orange to invade. During the reign of William & Mary

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William & Mary

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The Protestant monarchs who succeded James II and had to surrender substantial power to Parliament through documents like the Bill of Rights 1689.

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1685-88

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The reign of James II. A committed Catholic who had Monmouth's rebellion brutally crushed, he was forced to flee England when MPs invited the Protestant William of Orange to invade in the Glorious Revolution

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Bill of Rights & Toleration Act 1689

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Two key Acts brought in by Parliament in the reign of William & Mary. They placed key limits on the monarchs' power, guaranteed freedom of speech in Parliament and ensured that only Protestants could rule England

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Triennial Act 1694

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An Act which required Parliament to be called every three years, and gave Parliament access to the royal accounts. In return the monarchy was granted a fixed income called the Civil List, which exists to this day. The passing of the Triennial Act 1641 had been a key cause of the English Civil War.

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'Power vacuum'

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A useful term for the situation 1649-1660: there was no king, but people could not ultimately agree who should have power. In the end the solution was to recall Charles II (the Restoration) with limits to his power that Charles I would never have agreed to.

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Power struggles

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They were a key feature of the period 1649-1660. Cromwell (a successful army general) did not get on well with a single Parliament, and resorted to dissolving them just as Charles I had done.

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Short-term consequences of the Civil War

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The execution of Charles I; the creation of the Commonwealth; the rule of Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector

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Medium-term consequences of the Civil War

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Richard Cromwell's resignation; the Restoration of Charles II

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Long-term consequences of the Civil War

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The Glorious Revolution; Acts limiting the power of the monarch (the Bill of Rights); the creation of our modern Constitutional Monarchy where the monarch has little actual power but remains as a figurehead.