What Is Sociology?

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What is sociology?

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the study of society and social behavior

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seeing the general in the particular, identifying patterns in the behavior of people and studying categories

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sociological perspective

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the study of larger world and our societys place in it

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global perspective

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nation with very productive economic systems in which most people have relatively high incomes

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high-income country (US, Canada, Australia, Japan)

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nation with moderately productive economic systems in which peoples incomes are about the global average

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middle-income country (Eastern Europe, South Africa)

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nation with less productive economic systems in which most ppl are poor

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low-income country (Africa, Asia)

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not part of a dominant group

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outsider

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man who believes society is cause of poverty and other social problems

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C. Wright Mills

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three dramatic changes in the development of sociology

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1. industrialization
2. growth of cities
3. political change

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"father of sociology", structural-functional

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Comte

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Spencer

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structural-functional

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Sociologist with great interest in suicide and structural-functional theory

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Durkheim

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sociologist with symbolic interaction theory

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weber

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society seen as a system whose parts work together in order to promote solidarity and stability. there are stable patterns of social behavior, and all structures have consequences which serve a function for society

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structural-functional theory

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society is seen as a structure that is full of inequality. this massive inequality generates conflict and is the motivation for change. all social structures benefit the elite and further deprive the poor

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social conflict

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society is the product of eeryday interaction of individuals. it is complex, changing, and subjective as every individual carries with them their own views, experiences, memories, thoughts, and expectations

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symbolic interaction

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obvious function

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manifest

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hidden, symbolic function

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latent

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the values, beliefs, behavior, and material objects that together form a peoples way of lie

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culture

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the intangible world of ideas created by members of a society

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nonmaterial culture

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tangible things created by members of a society

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material culture

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personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life

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culture shock

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biological programming over which an animal has no control

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instinct

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the human species

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homo sapien

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the founding of permanent settlements and growth of specialized occupations in the middle east

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birth of civilization

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anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share culture

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symbol

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a ystem of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another

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language

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the process by which one generation passes culture to the next

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cultural transmission

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rules and expectations

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norms

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serious rules with great significance

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mores

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less serious rules that are social norms

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folkways

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physical objects of human creation

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artifacts

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knowledge that is applied to the task of living

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technology

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society transmitting culture through speech

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oral cultural tradition

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discovered that Kanzi, a chimpanzee, could learn language by listening to and observing people

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E. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh

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people percieve the world through the cultural lense of language

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Sapir-Whorf thesis

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culturally defined standards by which people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty and that serves as broad guidelines for social living

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values

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specific statements that people hold to be true

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beliefs

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man who declares that our way of life is becoming "a culture of victimization" and "no one accepts responsibility for anything"

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Irving Horowitz

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cultural patterns that set apart some segment of societys population.. still part of larger culture

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subculture

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cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely held by society

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counterculture

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various means by which members of a society encourage conformity to norms

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social control