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44 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Niccolo Machiavelli
- Emphasized discussions on how to seize and maintain power in political theory
- Bolstered realism with Greek and Roman examples
Humanism
- Theme of Italian Renaissance culture
- Focus on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor
- Religion NOT attacked
Effects of Renaissance themes on politics and commerce
- Merchants improved banking techniques and became more openly profit-seeking
-City-state leaders experimented with new political forms and functions and justified rule not with heredity or divine guidance but with what they could do do improve general well-being in city's glory
- Leaders sponsored cultural activity and tried to improve administration
- More professional armies, more military tactics

Renaissance encouraged innovation, although produced independence on classical models
Why did Italy decline as a Renaissance center?
- French and Spanish monarchies invaded, reducing independence
- Atlantic trade routes reduced importance of Mediterranean ports, a huge blow to Italian economy
Northern Renaissance - Religion and Art
- Focused on France, Low Countries, Germany, and England
- Began after 1450
- Also affected Hungary and Poland
- Knowledge in Latin and Greek literature gained ground, although many northern humanists wrote in their own language
- More religious than Italian counterparts, trying to blend secular interests with continued Christian devotion
Northern Renaissance - Politics
- Provided another move toward greater state powers
- Renaissance kings increased pomp and ceremony
- Kings like Francis I became patron of arts, willing to ally with Ottoman sultan, key Muslim leader
- Late 16th century: many monarchs sponsoring trading companies and colonial enterprises
- Began to abandon feudal or religious justifications

Renaissance impact should not be overstated
- Kings still confined to power of feudal lords
- Ordinary ppl little touched by Renaissance values
- Economic life changed little outside Italian commercial centers
- Women encountered limits as Renaissance leaders touted men's bravado over women's domestic roles
Johannes Gutenberg
- Introduced the movable type built upon Chinese technology
- Books distributed in greater quantities in the West, which helped gain grounds for Renaissance writers and disseminated religious ideas
- Literacy began to gain ground and create new thinking
European-style family
-Pattern involved late marriage age and primary emphasis on nuclear families rather than extended families characteristic of most agricultural civilizations
- Goal to limit birth rates
- Emphasized importance of husband-wife relations
Martin Luther
- Nailed a document containing 95 theses to door of castle church in Wittenberg
- Protesting selling indulgences, or grants of salvation, for money.
- Convinced that only faith could gain salvation, but church sacraments were not the path, since God could not be manipulated
- Led to the challenging of many beliefs, including the authority of the pope himself
- Argued bible should be translated from latin so ordinary people could have direct access
What were the people's reaction to Martin Luther's 95 theses?
- Wide support
- Many Germans resented authority and taxes of pope
- German Princes saw an opportunity to gain more power because their nominal leader, the Holy Roman Emperor, remained Catholic
- Protestantism
Protestantism
Urged state control of church as an alternative to papal authority
Anglican church
- Henry VIII set up to challenge papal attempts to enforce his first marriage
Jean Calvin/Calvinism
- Insisted on predestination
- Puritain exiles brought it to North America
Catholic Reformation - What was it and why did it happen?
- Catholic church not happy under Protestant attack, so they revived Catholic doctrine and refuted key Protestant tenets such as the idea that priests had no sacramental power
Jesuits
- New religious order
- Became active in politics, education, and missionary work
- Sponsored Catholic missionary activity in Asia and the Americas
What were the results of the Protestant and Catholic Reformations in the late 16th and early 17th centuries?
- Religious wars
- Disputes only ended with edict of Nantes, temporarily granting tolerance to Protestants
- Thirty Years' War in Germany, ended by Treaty of Westphalia
- No more Christian Unity
- Period of political and internal weakness, but France, Britain and Netherlands got up and continued toward an international role
- Decline in papal authority benefited kings and princes
- Ppl gradually less likely to see connection between God and nature
- Promotion of greater concentration on family life
- Women had no role unless they married
Thirty Years' War
Pitted German protestants and allies such as Lutheran Sweden against Holy Roman Empire, backed by Spain
English Civil War
- Religious issues combined with other problems
- Particularly battle between claims of parliament to rights of control over royal actions and rather tactless assertions of authority by a new line of kings
Why was inflation important to greater commercialization in western Europe during the 16th century?
- Massive import of gold and silver forced prices up
- New wealth heightened demand for products, but Western production couldn't keep pace, hence the inflation
- Encouraged merchants to take risks, since borrowing money was cheap when it was losing value
- Led to great trading companies
What was the position of the peasants during this commercialization?
- Peasants continued to manufacture mainly for their own needs, but agricultural speciality areas developed
- Prosperity increased for ordinary ppl
Proletariat
- Victims of changes, ppl with no access to wealth-producing property
- Hit by rising food prices
- Became manufacturers, beggars, paid laborers, etc
What provoked the massive wave of protest in western Europe?
- Shifts in popular economic and cultural traditions
- Need for greater protection from poverty and loss of property
- Lack of political rights
What did the rebellions of the 17th century reveal?
- Social tensions and new ideas of equality
- Massive insecurity of workers
Witchcraft Persecution
- Reflected resentments against poor
- Revealed tensions about family life and role of women, as they were most often to get persecuted
Scientific Revolution
- Promoted changes in popular outlook
Galileo
- Publicized Copernicus' discovery while adding his own basic findings
- Showed new pride in scientific achievement
René Descartes
- Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom, arguing that human reason could develop laws that would explain fundamental workings of nature
Isaac Newton
- Principles of motion
- Scientific method: explained it in terms of a mixture of rational hypothesis and general careful observation and experimentation
What resulted from the scientific revolution?
- New scientific institutes, often with government aid
- Lectures and easy-to-read manuals publicized and shared
- Attacks on witchcraft more common, died down in 1670s
- Doctors increased attacks on popular healers
- West became leading center for scientific advance
Deism
Belief that there is a God simply to set the natural laws in motion
John Locke
- Argued that ppl could learn everything they needed to know through their senses and reason; faith was irrelevant
What was the new political model for France during the 17th century?
- Absolute monarchy
- Appointed bureaucracy from lawyers and merchants, sent representatives to outlying districts, more formal training to army and officers.
King Louis XIV
- Absolute monarch
- Patron of arts, giving government cultural role, encouraged science, worked to standardize French language
- Reduced internal tariffs, which acted as barriers to trade, created new, state-run manufacturing.
- Followed mercantilism and limited imports
Where did absolute monarchies develop outside of France and how did they work?
- Spain tried to imitate French principles, which resulted in efforts to tighten control over Latin American colonies
- Central European states: series of kings in Prussia, in eastern Germany, built a strong army and bureaucracy
- Promoted economic activity, began to develop state- sponsored system
Where were Britain and Netherlands in the trend toward absolute monarchy?
- Stood apart from trend toward absolute monarchy
- Emphasized role of central state, but also built parliamentary regimes in which the kings share power with representatives, a parliamentary monarchy
What characteristics did absolute monarchy share with parliamentary monarchies as nation-states?
- Ruled peoples who shared common culture and language, unlike the great empires of many other civilizations
- Could appeal to loyalty that linked cultural and political bonds
What belief did ordinary people hold true about government?
- Peasants, although not directly represented by government, believed that government should act for their interests
Frederick the Great
- Prussian
- Building on bureaucratic organization, introduced greater religious freedom while expanding economic functions of state
Enlightenment
- Continued to support scientific advance
- Pioneered in applying scientific methods to the study of human society
- Humans are good, at least improvable and can be educated. Blind faith is wrong
Molly Wollstonecraft
- Feminist thinker
- Argued against general male-centered view of Enlightenment thinkers, that political rights and freedoms should extend to women
How did habits and beliefs of ordinary people change during the Enlightenment?
- People allowed to discuss latest reform ideas
- Attitudes toward children began to shift as older methods of physical discipline was criticized and parents became more interested in interaction
- Love between family members and emotional bonds gained more respect; parents reluctant to match son or daughter if emotional vibrations were not right
How did Agriculture change after the Enlightenment?
- New procedures for draining swamps added to more available land
- Stockbreeding improved
- Scythes instead of sickles improved productivity
Economy after Enlightenment?
- Increased manufacturing
- Capitalism: investment of funds in hopes for profits
Overall after Enlightenment?
- Better food supplies, manufacturing, etc combined to make a rapidly growing population