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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What types of technological improvement occurred during the 15th century in Western Europe and what was the effect?
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Europeans developed a lot of naval technology
1. Better ships capable of carrying heavy armaments 2. Compass for navigation (copied from Arabs who learned it from Chinese 3. Mapmaking improved 4. Knowledge of explosives, which was adapted into gunnery Military advantage over other civilizations, capability to sail farther. |
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Who was Henry the Navigator?
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Henry the Navigator was a Portuguese prince who organized a series of expeditions along the African coast and outward islands.
Expeditions brought back slaves, spices, and gold |
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Cape of Good Hope
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Portuguese sailors ventured around it in an attempt to find India to give them a more direct access to spices and luxury cloths.
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Why did the Portuguese redouble its exploration efforts?
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They redoubled after hearing of Columbus' discovery of America for Spain hoping to stave off new Spanish competition.
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Why did the Portuguese face Muslim hostility?
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Muslims long dominated the trade in this part of the world
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What did the Portuguese trade?
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- Crude goods like iron pots
- Gold - returned with small load of spices |
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Vasco de Gama
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- First European explorer to reach India by sea
- Success set in motion an annual series of Portuguese voyages to Indian Ocean |
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Whose rule was Spain freed from in 1492?
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Muslims
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Ferdinand Magellan
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- First trip around world
- Basis of first trip that Spain claimed Philippines |
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To which countries was the lead in exploration passed and why?
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- Spain and Portugal too busy digesting gains
- France, England, new monarchies - Britain and Holland strove to rival Catholic gains - Northern Europeans, particularly the Dutch and British, improved design of ships |
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Where did the northern European expeditions aim?
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- Mainly northward, as not to challenge Spain and Portugal
- Only in sugar-rich West Indies did northern Europeans claim land initially Spain's |
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Dutch East India Company, British East India Company
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-Companies given government monopolies of trade in regions designated, not rigorously supervised
- Right to raise armies and coin money on their own - Long acted like almost independent governments Dutch - Effectively ruled Taiwan British - Effectively ruled parts of India |
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What did the Columbian Exchange bring and what was its effect?
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Disease that affected:
- millions of Native Americans, who were not previously exposed to Afro-Eurasian diseases. Over half N and S Native Populations dies - Polynesians and Pacific Coast peoples - Crops and new agricultural technology that triggered population increases - Animal husbandry |
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Core nations
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Supplemented their growing economic prowess by self-serving political policies
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Mercantilism
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Urged that a nation-state not import goods from outside empire but sell exports as widely as possible on own ships
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How did sub-Saharan Africa mainly enter the slave trade?
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- Mainly as supplier of slaves
- Europeans in return traded manufactured items, including guns |
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How were Latin America and Africa involved in the international economy?
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- Many peasants not involved in market economy at all, rather produced for local subsistence with traditional motives and methods
- Most landlords' wealth there did not stimulate much local manufacturing or general economic advance |
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What type of labor did dependent economies rely on and why?
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- Coercive labor spread because they relied on cheap production
- Because of population loss, they began to import slaves from Africa |
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What was China's role in the world economy and how did they benefit or not?
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- Avoided involvement in international trade
- Copied some firearm manufacturing from Europeans - Extensive government regulation - Chinese manufacturing led to strong export position |
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What were Japan and Korea's involvement in the world economy?
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Japan
- Initially attracted, then pulled back - Fascinated in advances in gunnery and shipping - Cut off most trade after developing own manufacturing, entered a period of almost complete isolation Korea - Pulled back as well |
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Mughal Empire
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- Interested in Western traders, encouraged establishment of small port colonies
- Western traders advanced into India as they fell apart |
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How did Britain protect its own cotton industry?
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- Passed tariff on cloth imports from India
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How was Eastern Europe brought into the world economy?
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- Growth of cities in West created growing demand for imported grains that was bet by eastern Europe
- Grains produced by serfs |
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Vasco de Balboa
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- Established first colony in mainland Panama
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Francisco Pizarro
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- Expanded with use of violent means
- Gained Spanish king's support and attacked divided Incan empire to create new capital called Lima |
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Louis XIV
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- Launched first substantial European settlements in Canada under French government
- One of the best absolute monarchists |
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Why did Calvinists and other religious settlers develop colonies in Americas?
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To escape religious tensions in Europe
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Seven Years' War
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- Worldwide colonial struggle between France and Britain
- Settled under Treaty of Paris, in which France regained land while Britain took control of Canada and Mississippi basin -Created strained relations between British officials and French Canadian community in Canada |
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Where were the Dutch, British, and French more attached to in their conquests and why?
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- Dutch more attached to Asian conquests
- British and French valued West Indian holdings more than North American colonies because the value of N.A. products were not nearly as great as those of Caribbean or Latin America - Resulted in some merchant and manufacturing activities among new Americans themselves |
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How did the European colonists interact with the Native Americans in North America?
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Although they learned and interacted with the Native Americans, they feared and mistreated them.
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What types of family patterns did Europeans have in the Americas?
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- Nuclear family unit
- American colonists married slightly earlier, had larger families, unusual concern for children |
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Cape Colony
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- Europeans usually deterred from creating colonies in Africa due to disease, climate, and nonnavigatable rivers
- Cape Colony planted by Dutch |
