Whap Ancient Stuff

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Earliest civilizations

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Foraging, hunter/gatherer, and some pastoral activity

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Neolithic Revolution

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In contrast to paleolithic, had AGRICULTURE (aka Agricultural Revolution). Around 5000 BCE

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Nomadic vs Agricultural Societies

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Ag societies stay in one place, had a mindset of ownership over land

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Mesopotamia: what does the name mean, where is it?

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"land between rivers"; contains Tigris & Euphrates rivers

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Sumerian Civilization: writing & religion

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Developed cuneiform, polytheistic; built ziggurats

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Akkad: major development

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Sargon of Akkad takes over Sumer, Akkad develops first known code of laws (written in cuneiform)

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Babylon

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Succeeded Akkad; Hammurabi was from here

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Hammurabi

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From Babylon, dev'd legal code; fell to Hittites

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Hittites

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Took over Babylon with iron weapons

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Assyrians

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Powerful military, defeated Hittites (ironically) with iron

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Chaldeans

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Led by Nebuchadnezzar; defeated Assyrians; taken over by Persian Empire

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Nebuchadnezzar

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Rebuilt city of Babylon; Chaldean king

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Persian empire: big (long) creation

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Had Great Royal Road

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Lydians

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First coined money

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Pheonicians

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Little land; lots of sea ports; developed revolutionary alphabet

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Hebrews

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Founded Judaism

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Egypt: three kingdoms

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Old (King Menes establishes city of Memphis), Middle, New (most prosperous)

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Egyptian religion

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Polythesistic

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Queen Hatshepsut

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Ruled during New Kingdom (Egypt), very successful, FEMALE RULER (yeah, seriously)

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Egypt social structure

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Pyramid-style: pharaoh (owned all of the land) -> priests -> nobles -> merchants/artisans -> peasants (big group)

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Egyptian decline

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Persian Empire and Assyrian Empires begin to consume

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Compare: Decline of Egypt & Mesopotamian Civilizations

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Civilization becomes powerful, attracts attention from neighbors, they invade for a piece of the pie (mmm)

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Khyber Pass

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Hindu Kush Mountains

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Indus Valley Civilization (2 cities)

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Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had >100,000 people!!! (i.e. very well planned)

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Aryan arrival

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Nomads invade with horses & adv weapons, take over Indus Valley

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Aryan religious books

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Vedas & Upanishads

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Aryan major social development

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Caste system (later, Hinduism develops in the region...coincidence?)

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Shang China

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Unifies the country, limited contact with the rest of the world, established PATRIARCHAL society

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Zhou Dynasty (China)

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After Shang, create Mandate of Heaven, estab feudal system, and create complex bureaucracies (specialized tasks in the gov)

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Olmecs

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S Mexico, polytheistic, urban, good builders, calendars, etc

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Chavin Society

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S America, urban, polytheistic

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Omecs and Chavin: Why important?

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They developed independently from the civilizations in the E Hemisphere, and they didn't have a river valley!

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Jenne-Jeno

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First city in Sub-Sharan Africa

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Bantu Migrations

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Spread the Bantu family of languages (IMPORTANT), migrated around the continent

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Why do people migrate?

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Find food & hospitable environment (politics, poor framing methods, disease, slave trade, etc)

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Mauryan Empire

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Founded by Chadragupta Maurya; united Aryan kingdoms, but was a bit off a hard-ass (see his son, Ashoka)

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Ashoka Maurya

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Grandsom of Chandragupta, brought Mauryan empire to height; good leader!!; practices Rock and Pillar Edicts

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Mauryan Empire: Why prosperous?

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TRADE. Silk, cotton, elephants, etc. And a good military too.

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Ashoka Maurya: What religion?

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Converts to Buddhism! Definitely affects his rule

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Rock and Pillar Edicts

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Used by Ashoka Maurya; reminded citizens to live "generous and righteous lives"; (remember: he converted to buddhism)

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Gupta Empire: who, what developments?

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Created by Chandra Gupta (NOT same as Mr. Mauryan); a GOLDEN AGE: invented Arabic numbers (decimal system), concept of pi and zero -- SWEET; collapsed to White Huns

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Buddhism vs Hinduism

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By Gupta Dynasty, Hinduism had gained dominance, Buddhism was blending in

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Qin Dyansty

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Very very short. After Zhou. Connected Great Wall of China. Adopted legalism (NOT Confucianism). Qin Shihuangdi was an ass, but did well to standardize everything & eliminate enemies

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Wu Ti

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Founded Han Dynasty

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Han Dynasty

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Civil service system, anyone? Used to get qualified people for gov positions. Invented paper, sundials, and calendars.

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Greece: geography

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Peninsula, lots of water, very mountainous

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Polis

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city state, greece. If you don't know that, you are doomed to fail. Seriously. Just don't try. Quit. Now.

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Athens

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Political commercial, and cultural center of Greek

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Sparta

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VERY military-oriented

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Social structure in polis of Greece

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(1) citizens, adult males; (2) free people, but no political rights; (3) non citizens (slaves, etc)

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What % of population of Athens were slaves?

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approx. 33.333333333333333333%

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5 characteristics of a civilization

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(1) advanced cities; (2) specialization of labor; (3) complex institutions (religion, gov, economy); (4) record-keeping; (5) advanced technology

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Draco and Solon -- who?!

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Aristocrats that worked to ensure fail, equal, and open participation in democracy (yay)

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What were the 4 noble truths?

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1. Life is filled w/ suffering and sorrow.
2. Suffering is caused by people pursuing pleasure.
3. The way to end suffering is to end all desires.
4. The way to end all desires is to follow 8fold path to nirvana

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Persian Wars

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Greek city states unite against Persia, hold back Persia (battle of Marathon), Athens partially destroyed, enter Golden Age of Pericles

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Golden Age of Pericles

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Democracy firmly established, Athens rebuilt (Delian League money), art flourishes (Homer's Illiad written)

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Socrates

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Believed in truth and justice (ironically he was poisoned)

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Plato

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Theory of Forms & Ideas

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Aristotle

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Logical thinking (e.g. sci method)

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Peloponnesian War

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Sparta is pissed with Athens (mostly over Delian League & fund usage)

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King Philip II of Macedon

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Takes over Greece, but helps culture flourish, DOES NOT destroy it

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Alexander the Great

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duh

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Hellenism

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Culture, ideas, etc. from CLASSICAL Greece

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Rome Government

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Senate (patrician faimilies) and Assembly (included some plebeians); used more republic-style gov; better than Greek "true" democracies

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3 groups in Rome

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Patricians (nobles), plebeians (all other free men), and slaves

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Law code of Rome

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Twelve Tables ("innocent until proven guilty")

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Pater families

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Center of Roman culture; women were inferior to men (but could sometimes own land); eldest male runs the family

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Punic Wars

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Rome vs. Carthage

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Famous general from Carthage

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Hannibal -- military genius!!

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Change of government style in Rome

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Republic -> Empire ("first triumvirate" take power, Julius Caesar takes over the other two)

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First leader of EMPIRE in Rome

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Julius Caesar (emperor for life; assassinated shortly after)

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Octavius

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AKA Augustus Caesar; son of Julius Caesar; part of second triumvirate

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Pax Romana

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During reign of Augustus caesar (it is now an empire); peace and prosperity

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Compare: Golden ages of Greece, Gupta, Rome, and others

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Major empire grows in land, has more $$$, artistic/scientific innovations, they entered a "golden age"

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Official state religion of Roman Republic?

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paganism

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Official religion of Rome during empire?

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Christianity, due to Constantine and the Edict of Milan

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Wang Mang

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Established Xin dynasty (disrupted Han); used discontent in population to take over briefly

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Collapse of Gupta Empire

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Invaded by the White Huns (NOT the Huns)

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Diocletian

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Splits Rome into 2 parts, tries to strengthen economy

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Constatine

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Makes Constantinople capital where Byzantium used to be

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Attila

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Led the Huns, who pressured Germanic tribes, who entered Rome and caused the western half to collapse

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Conficianism

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Confucius

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Confucius

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Son of rich Chinese family; wrote the Analects; it is a political/social philosophy, NOT a religion; relies on 5 relationships: ruler-subject, parent-child, etc

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Junzi

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Confucianism, individuals superior because they can put personal ambition aside for the state

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Wuwei

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Doctrine of Daoism: disengagement from worldly affairs; speculates that ambition and activism only bring chaos to the world

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Compare/Contrast Daoism/Confucianism

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Both believed in Dao, but Confucianism tries to create orderly society; Daoism: internal peace

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Which dynasty mostly used legalism?

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Qin dynasty

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One supreme force of Hinduism

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Brahma (the creator); everything is a manifestation of him (including Vishnu and Shiva)

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Dharma

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Hinduism; rules & obligations of class

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moksha

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Hinduism; highest state of being

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Vedas & Upanishads

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Found in Hinduism

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Siddhartha Guatama

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Hindu prince from Nepal, founded Buddhism

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2 schools of Buddhism (after Buddha's death)

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Theravada ("the Way of the Elders" or "the Lesser Vehicle"; meditation, simplicity) and Mahayana ("the Greater Vehicle"; rely more on priests/scriptures, Buddha is kinda godlike)

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How have civilizations changed their surroundings to suit their own purposes?

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canals, irrigation, metal-working, plowing, calendars, sundials, etc etc

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Cro-Magnon People

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First of the fully modern type (large kits of tools, art, religion?, etc)

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Ur

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City of ~30,000 in Sumer w/ distinct social classes, specialization, city walls, etc.

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3 problems Sumerians faced

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(1) Floods were not regular; (2) Small villages had no protection from enemies; (3) No stone/wood/metal for tools in the area

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How did Egyptians view Nile?

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As a GOD (omg).

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Cities in Mesopotamia vs Indus Valley

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Indus Valley = VERY well planned (grid system, sewage, etc); Mesopotamia = Hodgepodge of streets, buildings, etc, psshtt.

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Tradition of Chinese going back to Confucius

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Veneration of ancestors

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Period of the Warring States

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After Zhou rule, between the elites/aristocrats; ended when Qin established dominance

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Hyksos used what new tool to conquer Egypt?

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Chariots!

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Aryan social classes (3)

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Priests, warriors, peasants/traders

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Jainism

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By Mahavira; EVERYTHING has a soul

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Minoan Society

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Found on island of Crete; RICH civilization w/lots of trade; women held high positions (!!); disappeared after natural disasters struck

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Carthage was originally a colony of what nation...

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The Phoenicians

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Hebrews were organized into groups called...

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tribes

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In the New Kingdom, Egyptian leaders buried the dead pharaohs where?

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Valley of the Kings

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City of Meroe (hint: Egypt)

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Center for iron, owned by the Kushites (S Egypt)

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Merciful leader of Persia...

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Cyrus (let subjects keep their beliefs & gov, just needed to pay taxes)

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Darius

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Ruled after Cyrus (Persia), got more land, divided into provinces, standardized money, and built royal road

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Laozi

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Founded Daoism

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3 schools of thought emerge after Period of the Warring States (post-zhou)

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(1) Confucianism; (2) Daoism; (3) Legalism (esp. Qin dynasty)

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First culture in Greece was the...

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Mycenaeans (had famous war with Troy and used the Trojan Horse--Homer later writes about this)

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Solon

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Of Athens; removed laws that the poor didn't like; estab Council of 500 (advised Assembly)

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Who run the businesses in Sparta?

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WOMEN (men were in the military)

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Council of Elders

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Found in Sparta

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Hellenstic Culture

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The blending of Egypt, Persian, and Indian influences (specifically after Alexander the Great's conquests)

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Alexandria, Egypt

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Has a great library

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Who suggested that the Earth is the center of the universe?

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Ptolemy (Greece)

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Archimedes

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Greece; invented a lot of little machines including screw

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Stoics

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Greece; people should live moral life (desire, wealth, etc. are usually bad); clashed with Epicureans

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Epicureans

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Greece; could only rely on the 5 senses, do things in moderation; clashed with Stoics

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Art of Hellenistic age

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Realism!

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Gracchus Brothers

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Tried to pass laws that would help poor in Rome (assassinated)

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Julius Caesar -- popular?

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YES, very much so

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Kingdom of Aksum

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N Africa; conquered Kush & destroyed Meroe; King Ezana becomes CHRISTIAN (!!)

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Who reunited Rome?

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Constantine!