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39 Cards in this Set
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Means "Rebirth", a period of European history (1300-1600) when renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning, & views of the world.
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Renaissance
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Began in N. Italy & spread to rest of Europe; led to innovative styles in art, sculpture & architecture.
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A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential & achievements.
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Humanism
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Studied classical texts to understand ancient Greek values; popularized classical subjects of history, literature & philosophy called the Humanities.
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Renaissance society was concerned with "worldly"/the here and now rather than spiritual/ the hereafter.
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Secular
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An interest in worldly materialism from the commoner to church leaders including mansions, fine clothing & banquets/dining
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The financing of Renaissance art, architecture, sculpture or literature by wealthy church leaders or merchants.
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Patrons
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Renaissance merchants and wealthy families like the Medicis of Florence, Italy.
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A technique common to Renaissance painters which shows 3 dimensions on a flat surface.
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Perspective
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Technique revived from Classical Greek artists to show depth of field as in a "fish-eye" lens; foreground converges to the horizon & a vanishing point.
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Use of ones own native language instead of Latin in speaking & literature to show self-expression & individuality
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Vernacular
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Ex. Dante used his "native language" of Italian in writing his literature.
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Greek term for "No Place", A book by Thomas More attempting to show a model society where greed, corruption, & war is nonexistent & money is not needed for exchange.
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Utopia
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A Renaissance work in Latin by Thomas More.
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Renaissance playwright born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, England.
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William Shakespeare
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Playwright who drew upon classical literature for his inspiration & plots; wrote drama and comedy for plays performed in the Globe Theater
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A craftsman from Mainz, Germany (1440) who developed a printing press incorporating a number of technologies in a new way.
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Johann Gutenberg
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Developer of printing press & printer of the 1st complete Bible in 1455, via moveable type.
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A pardon which released a sinner from performing the penalty a priest imposed for sins.
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Indulgence
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Religious pardons for sinners which did not affect God's right to judge; in effect "buying ones way into heaven".
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A movement for religious reform which led to the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the Pope's authority.
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Reformation
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This religious reform was begun by Martin Luther's "95 Theses" in 1517. Luther concluded that "faith alone" is the key to ones salvation.
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A separate religious group developed by Martin Luther and his followers.
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Lutherans
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This group took Luther's ideas and applied them to society and a new religious order.
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German princes who supported Luther and signed a protest against the Pope & his loyal princes.
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Protestants
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Applies to Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches.
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A 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler.
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Peace of Augsburg
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War between the Protestant Princes and Charles V was settled by this agreement to let each states ruler decide on the official religion.
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To "set aside" a legal document as if it were never legal in the first place. A Pope could do this to end a marriage.
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Annul
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The Pope refused to do this for Henry VIII to get free of Catherine of Aragon who could not bear him a child. Henry petitioned Parliament to make him not the pope the official head of the church.
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The official Church of England
headed by Elizabeth I in 1559. |
Anglican
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Elizabeth I tried to make a religious peace between protestants and catholics by establishing the Church of England which had elements of both denominations.
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A doctrine by Martin Luther saying that God has known from the beginning of time who will be saved.
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Predestination
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Doctrine by Luther saying men & women are sinful by nature and humans cannot earn salvation as God chooses a very few people "the elect" to save.
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The religion based on John Calvin (1517)
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Calvinism
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based on his book "Institutes of the Christian Religion" which discussed ideas on God, salvation, and human nature.
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Members of the Protestant Church governed by presbuters (elders) and founded on the teachings of John Knox.
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Presbyterians
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The Scottish preacher John Knox (1559) used Calvin's ideas in using Presbyters/elders to govern the church whose members deposed Mary Queen of Scots & became known as ____________.
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Greek meaning "baptise again"; this religious group felt persons who were baptized as children should be rebaptized as adults (who could decide & understand the significance of the sacrement)
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Anabaptists
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A religious group who only baptized adults, were Pacivists, and wanted separation of church & state. Ex. Mennonites, Amish who influenced Quakers & Baptists
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A 16th Century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation.
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Catholic Reformation or Counter Reformation
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Movement headed by Ignatius Loyola,& Popes Paul III and Paul IV who took actions to reform & renew the Catholic Church from within.
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Members of the "Society of Jesus" created by the pope and Ignatius focusing on founding schools in Europe, converting non-christians to Catholicism, & stopping the spread of Protestantism.
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Jesuits
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These missionaries zeal helped keep Poland and southern Germany Catholic.
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A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.
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Council of Trent
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Decreed that the Church's interpretation of the Bible was final, Faith & good works for salvation not faith alone, Bible & Church guided Christian life, & Indulgences were valid expressions of faith but their false selling was banned.
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the revival of art, literature, & learning in Europe in the 14th -16th centuries
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Renaissance
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a person who has learned much through study
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Scholar
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a concern with the needs and interests of human beings rather than religious ideas
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Humanism
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a wealthy person who supports artists
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Patron
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a person who makes statues out of wood, stone, marble, or other material
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sculptor
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the study of stars, planets, and other heavenly bodies
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Astronomy
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a weight hung so that it swings freely back and forth; often used to control a clock's movement
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Pendulum
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an explanation of how and why something happens, usually based on scientific study
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Theory
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to change for the better
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Reform
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to speak out against or act against something
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Protest
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a person who is against the teachings of a church
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Heretic
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the taking away of a person's right of membership in a Christian Church leading to loss of salvation and eternity in hell. This would free all the King's Vassals from their legal duty to serve him.
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Excommunication
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Papal law in which many sacraments and religious services could not be performed in the King's lands; as Christians, the King's subjects believed w/o the sacraments they might be doomed to hell
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Interdict
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a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a
sin(s) |
Indulgence
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Being illiterate and lacking understanding of laws of nature caused many people of the Middle Ages to have irrational beliefs which the Medieval Church frowned upon
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Superstition
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the appointment of religious officials (bishops, priests) by Kings or Nobles; the Pope hated this practice
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Lay Investiture
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