Westward Expansion

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Alamo

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mission and fort in San Antonio, Texas, where Mexican forces massacred rebellious Texans in 1836.

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Bessemer Process

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a cheap and efficient process for making steel that was developed around 1850.

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Compromise of 1850

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Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War.

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Dred Scott Decision

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Determined that slaves were property and could not become free by moving to a free state or territory.

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Fifty- Four Forty or Fight

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a slogan used in the 1944 presidential campaign as a call for the U.S. annexation of the entire Oregon Territory.

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Forty-niner

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one of the people who migrated to California during the rush for gold in 1848.

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Free-Soil Party

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a political party formed in 1848 to oppose the extension of slavery into U.S. territories.

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Fugitive Slave Act

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a law enacted as part of the Compromise of 1850 designed to ensure that escaped slaves would be returned into bondage.

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Gadsden Purchase

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an 1853 purchase by the U.S. of lands from Mexico establishing the present U.S.-Mexico boundary.

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Jacksonian Democracy

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a period when the office of the presidency and the executive branch became stronger in relation to Congress. The rights of the "Common Man".

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John Brown's Raid

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In 1859, the militant abolitionist John Brown seized the U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured and executed.

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Kansas-Nebraska Act-1854

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This act repealed the Missouri Compromise and established a doctrine of congressional nonintervention in the territories. Popular sovereignty (vote of the people) would determine whether Kansas and Nebraska would be slave or free states.

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Know Nothing Party

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a name given to the American Party, formed in the 1850s to curtail the political influence of immigrants.

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Manifest Destiny

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A belief shared by many Americans in the mid-1800s that the United States should expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean.

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Mexican American War

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(1846-1848) the war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

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Oregon Trail

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route from Independence Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon, used by pioneers traveling to the Oregon Territory.

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

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the 1848 treaty that ended the U.S. war with Mexico. The U.S. gained the territory of California and New Mexico in the treaty.

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Underground Railroad

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a system of routes along which runaway slaves were helped to escape to Canada or to safe areas in the free states.

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Westward Expansion

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this movement motivated Americans to own land, discover gold, and believe in manifest destiny.