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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prevacid – lansoprazole
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"Cat: Heartburn/GERD/Acid Reflux
Action: blocks irreversibly the atp-ase at the exchange pump. Indication: duodenal ulcers, h-pylori infection (explosive bloody diarrhea), gastric ulcers esp due to NSAID use, GERD, erosive esophagitis, hypersecretory syndrome (Zollinger-Ellison – too much acid leading to digesting yourself) Contraindication:liver disease, pku (phenoketonuria) Side Effect: hypochlorydria (b12, calc processing affected) Interactions: co-Rx w/antibiotics for h-pylori infections, may decrease absorption of oral meds Pregnancy: Category B " |
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Prevacid – lansoprazole
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Cat: Heartburn/GERD/Acid Reflux
Action: blocks irreversibly the atp-ase at the exchange pump. Indication: duodenal ulcers, h-pylori infection (explosive bloody diarrhea), gastric ulcers esp due to NSAID use, GERD, erosive esophagitis, hypersecretory syndrome (Zollinger-Ellison – too much acid leading to digesting yourself) Contraindication:liver disease, pku (phenoketonuria) Side Effect: hypochlorydria (b12, calc processing affected) Interactions: co-Rx w/antibiotics for h-pylori infections, may decrease absorption of oral meds Pregnancy: Category B |
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Prilosec - omeprazole
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Action:same as Preacid
Indication: same as Preacid Contraindication: liver disease Side Effect: same as preacid Interactions: co-rx for h pylori, atazanovir Pregnancy: Category C |
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H2 Blockers (Histamine Receptor Antagonists)
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Gastrin and ACH stimulate ECL stomach cells. ECH produce histamine which affects h2 receptors on parietal cells resulting in ST acid.
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Pepcid – famotidine
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Action: h2 blocker
Indication: same as prevacid Contraindication: kd disease Side Effect: hypochlorhydria Interactions: zero Pregnancy: Category B |
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Zantac – ranitidine hydochloride
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Action: h2 blocker
Indication:same as prevacid Contraindication: renald disease Side Effect: hypochlorydria Interactions: 0 Pregnancy: Category B |
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Reglan - metoclopramide
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Action: stimulate upper GI track to increase motility without increasing secretion of ST acid.
Indication: diabetic gastric stasis, co rx with antiemetics (preventing vomiting) for ppl w/ chemo, imaging Contraindication: GI hemorrhaging, obstructions, perforations, epilepsy Side Effect: rarely dystonic reaction, tardive dyskinesia Interactions:narcotics analgesics, anticholinergics Pregnancy: Category B |
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Tums – calcium carbonate
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Action: neutralizes stomach acid
Indication: heartburn, “sour stomach”, calcium deficient Contraindication: hypercalcemia Side Effect: Interactions: Pregnancy: Category C |
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Rolaids – magnesium hydroxide
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Action:neutralizes ST acid
Indication: heartburn, sour stomach Contraindication: hypermagnesemia Side Effect:0 Interactions: 0 |
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Kaopectate – bismuth subsalicylate
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Action: gastric anti-inflam
Indication: indigestion, nausea, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, Contraindication: viral infection in children Side Effect: constipation Interactions: decrease absorption of oral meds, affects insulin Pregnancy: Category B |
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Pepto Bismo
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Action: gastric anti-inflam
Indication: indigestion, nausea, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, Contraindication: viral infection in children Side Effect: constipation Interactions: decrease absorption of oral meds, affects insulin Pregnancy: Category B |
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Ipecac Syrup
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Action: emetic
Indication: drug overdoses, certain kinds of poisonings Contraindication: semi or unconscious, pregnant, lactating, ingested substance was a corrosive or a petroleum distillate (gas). Side Effect: cardiac disturbances, dehydration Interactions:milk, carbonated bev, activated charcoal Pregnancy: Category C |
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Diabetes Mellitus
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Normal insulin response
Eat food -> pancreas stimulated -> beta cells release insulin -> sugar break down -> glucose moves to liver -> stored as glycogen Insulin dependent and noninsulin dependent |
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Type 1 Diab
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• Usually genetic
• Can be triggered by exposure to toxin or autoimmune response o Immune system attacking beta cells • Initial Sx: hyperglycemia, increased thirst or hunger, increase urination, weight loss, fatigue, eventual ketoacidosis • All due to insufficient insulin • Tx: insulin injection, diet and exercise |
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Type 2 Diab
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• Developed, not genetic
• Initially insulin resistant; too much sugar in system over time, sugar start to ignore insulin • Cannot use the insulin they create • Feedback loop is down regulated leading to decreased insulin production and becomes like type 1 diabetes • Initial sx: hypoglycemia (all stored in liver), fatigue, blurred vision, delayed healing, numbness and tingling in feet and hand, recurring yeast infection • Eventually to blindness, renal failure, and liver failure |
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Exubera (Humilin)
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• Act: decreases blood glucose by increasing perip uptake, inhibit liver glucose prod, fast acting, aerosol; should be on maint med as well
• Ind: type 1, uncontrolled type 2 • Contra: hypoglycemia, smokes • Side: hypoglycemia |
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Glucophage/Metformin
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• Type 2 diab
• Action: decrease blood glucose production, dec basal and postprandial glucose level, inc absorp of glucose, inc insulin sensitivity, • Ind: type 2 diab, wont cause too much insulin, hypoglycemia • Contra: renal disease, metabolic acidosis, ketoacidosis • Side: rae: renal dis, lactic acidosis • Inter: alcohol, diuretics, corticosteroid, estrogens, ca chann blockers • Preg B |
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THYROID
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Hypothalamus
Test for tsh, t3, t4 Hyperthyroid – autoimmune against tsh receptors on thyroid gland, goiter, growth on neck Hypothyroidism – autoimmune against thyroid (hashimoto), surgical remove og thyroid gland Tx: supplement with thy hormone |
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T4
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Action: inc metabolic rate
Ind: hypothyroidism or tsh suppression Contra: acute ml, addision, hyroditoxicosis Side: palp, angina, headache, nervous, diarr, wt loss, mens irr, sweating, fever, decrease bone density Int: inc anticoag effect, iron supp |
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T3
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Action: inc metabolic rate
Ind: hypothyroidism Contra: preg, breast feeding Sideinhib myeopoisus Int: inc anticoag effect, iron supp |
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Levoxyl
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Euthyroid
A: inc met rate Ind: hypothy, tsh supp Contra: uncontrolled adrenal insuff Side: in female, incr bone loss Inter: cant take with anacid, glucocort, soybean flour, cotton seed meal, walnuts Preg A |
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Methimazole
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Act: anti-thyr med leads to dec thyr h prod
Ind: hyperhty Contra: nursing/preg casuing congenital cretinism (myxedema) Side: agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, hepatic necrosis, encephalopathy, death, thrombocytopenia Inter: inc anticoag effects Preg D |
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Thyrogen
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A: recomb tsh -> stim inc t2, t4 prod
Ind: diag tool combine w/radioactive iodine imaging, mri or ct-> ablation surgery Contra: zero Side: nausea, HA Inter: 0 w/other thyroid h Preg c |
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Ortho tricycle
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Fools body into thinking it’s pregnant
A: inhib ovulation Ind: prevent of preg Contra: deep vien thrombosis, cad, migraine, breast cancer, herpese, preg Side: dec free testosresrone, dec acne, inc weight gain, dec pms symp, inc moodiness, inc breast size Int: smoking |
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Menopause
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Premarin: estrogen replacement (estradiol)
Ind: menopausal sx Contra: cardiovasc disease caution for stroke Side: inc risk of cv events, endometrial ca Inter: grapefruit juice Preg X |
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Fosamax
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A: inhib osteoclast active
Ind: osteoporosis due to aging or med use, paget’s disease (thicken soft part of bones) CI: esophagitis, hypocalcemia, renal insuff side: esophagitis, severe bone or muscle pain, osteonecrosis of jaw, must stay upright at least 30 min after admin inter: calcium effecting drugs, calc chan blockers, antacids, safe with hormone replacement therapy (maybe lower dose of fosamax), NSAIDs and aspirins increase esophagitis preg C |
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Actonel
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A: inhib osteoclast active
Ind: osteoporosis in post menopausal and male due to aging, Paget’s, CI: upper GI irreg, hypocalcemia, renal insuff, osteopnecrosis of jaw, muscle pain, renal inter: calcium effecting drugs, calc chan blockers, antacids, safe with hormone replacement therapy (maybe lower dose of fosamax), NSAIDs and aspirins increase esophagitis preg C |
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Calciferol
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A: Vit D2 action
Ind: vit D deficiency ci: hypercalcemia, vit d toxicity (rare) side: drowsiness, aches, stiffness inter: multivitamins prec C |
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Normal immune function
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1. Nonspecific immune response: exposure to unknown antigen – macrophages (WBC) swallow + killer antigen, large scale attack ensues
2. Acquired immune response: exposure to known antigen -> activated t cells notify macrophages -> kill antigen with moderated attack |
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Auto Immune Disease
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immune system recognizes self as antigen
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Hypersensitivity reaction
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immune system over reacts or reacts to non-antigen stimuli w/an immune response
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Immunopharmacology
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Over-rx of antibiotics
Antibiotics don’t kill bacteria Gram Staining Gram pos and neg |
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Penicillin
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ind: bact infection of ear, nose, throat, genital/urinary, skin, lower RespTrackInfections, uncomplicated gonorrhea, h.pylori infection
ci: hypersensitivity to peni, cephalosporin, imipenem, severe pneumonia, empyema, bacteremia, pericarditis, meningitis, acute purulent/septic arthristis side: false pos on certain lab tests, HA, gi complaints, urticaria, vulvovag infection, hematologic changes, hepatic stress, cdad (claustric diff assoc diarrhea) inter: co rx w/clarithromycin or lansoprazole (prevacid), decrease effective of oral contracept, sulfonamides, decrease effect of tetracyc preg B |
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Cephalosporin – keflex
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ind: bact inf of resp track, ear, skin, bone, GU
ci: hypersensitivity not indicated for enterococci, enterobacter, morganella morgani, proteus vulgaris, pseudomonas, acinebacter side: poss sensi to peni, cdad, false pos in lab, prothrombin time decreases inter: metformin, probenacid preg B |
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Bacitracin – ophthalmologic
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ind: superficial eye infection
ci: systemic infection inter: none known side: fungal overgrowth in eye |
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Vancomycin
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oral or surgical deposited
Ind: cdi, staph, enterocolitis, severe bact, sens to peni ci: hypersens, ototoxic meds side: ototoxicity (kills hair in ear), nephrotocicity, hypotension, urticaria, nausea inter: increase effect of muscle relax meds, incompat with IV alkaline therapy preg C |
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Tetracycline
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ind: acne, resp track infection, gi, gu when peni contraind
ci: renal disease side: photosensi (easy to burn), fungi growth, decrease prothrombin act, gi upset, teeth discoloration, skin reactions, renal toxicity, liver toxicity, intracranial hypertension, hem changes inter: peni, antacids, oral contra preg D |
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Azithromycin (z-packs)
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ind: Chlamydia, mycobacterial infections in HIV pts (gentler)
ci: liver diseas, not indi for syphilis, or gonorrhea side: hypersens, gi upset, CV sx, skin rx, thrombocytopenia inter: antacids preg B |
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Fluoroquinolones
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inhib bact DNA transcription
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Ciprofloxacin
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ind: anthrax infection, ITI, cystitis, prostatis, lower rti, sinustitis, bone joint inf, intra abdominal, e coli, typhoid fever, other uncompl diarrhea
ci: coadmin of tizanadine (muscle relax) and not ind for syphilis side: inhib caffeine clearance, tendon effects (weakened tendon causing it to rip from bony insertion), cns sx, renal impairments, photosens, prothrombin time decrease inter: antacids, grapefruit juice, nsaids (with high doses cause convulsion) Preg C |
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Levofloxacin – Levaquin
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ind: nosocomial/community acquired pneumonia, sinusitis, bronchitis, skin infections, prstatitis, UTI’s, anthrax infections
ci: hyper sensitivity side: hepatotox, tendon effects, cns sx, cdad, neuropathy, cv effects, photosens, change in glucose levels, changes in lab test values int: antacids, multivitamins, antidiabetic meds, nsaids in high doses (convulsions) prec C |
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Septra-bactrim – trimethoprin/sulfamethoxazole
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ind: uti’s
ci: folate deficiency, co-admin of septra or bactrim side: cdad, blood disorders, skin rashes, gi upset, cns symptoms, renal impairment Antimycobacterials |
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Rifampin
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ind: tb
ci: hypersens side: change in lab test vals, cv sx, cns sx, skin reactions, vision, gi upset, renal failure, hematologic, red/orange tinge to bodily fluids (incl tears) int: oral contrac, antifungal, beta blockers, corticosterioids, cyclosporine (increase tear production), anticoag preg C |
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Isoniacin
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ind: tb
ci: hypersensl, liver disease side: hepatotox, cns sx, gi upset, hematologic changes ind: food, acetaminophen preg C |
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Fluconazole – diflucan
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ind: vaginal candidiasis, oropharyngeal/esopha candidias, cryptococcal meningitis, prophylaxis prior to transplant
ci: co prescprip of terfenidine, cisapride (prolonged QT interval) side: hepatotox, anaphylaxis, skin infections int: oral contra, rifampin, warfarin, cyclosporine, hypoglycemic, terfenadine, cisnpride preg C |
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Terbinafine – Lamisil
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ind: onychomycosis or nails with tinea (fungus) unguinium
ci: chronic liver disease, renal impairment, systemic lupus erhty. (sle) side: liver failure, sever skin rash, neutropenia int: caffeine, warfarin, rifampin, cyclosporine preg B |
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Miconazole – monistat
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ind: vulvovag candiasis
ci:concurrent latex use (it can break latex), 1st trimester of pregnancy side: minor HA, cramping, burning, itching at site of admin int: none known preg C |
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Foscavir (iv admin)
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ind: retinititis in AIDS patients, HSV (herpes simplex) if patient is a cyclovir-resistent
ci: none; side: renal tox, hypocalcemia, phospatemia, hypomanganesemia, hypokalemia, seizures, genital ulceration, anemia; int: medi that affects calcium and meds that cause renal tox preg C |
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Retrovir
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ind: hiv patients, pregnant women to prevent fetal transmission
ci: co rx other hiv meds (trizivir, combivir) side: bone marrow suppression, anemia, neutropenia, skin rashes, myopathy, lactic acidosis, hepatomegaly, fat redistrib – cushingoid int: interferon alpha, stavodine, doxorubicin, ganciclovir; preg C |
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Acyclovir/Valtrex
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ind: herpes simplex (hsv) genital, chicken pox, herpes zoster (shingles)
ci: renal imp side: renal failure, hemat changes inter: probenacid preg B |
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Nematodes
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worms from fecal-oral root or undercooked meat
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Cestodes and trimatodes
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are tapeworms and flukes – fecal oral under cooked meat
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Protozoas
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amoebas, from infected water (also giardia, malaria, schistosomiasis (snails)
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Kinetoplastides
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trypanosmiasis – tse tse fly
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Antineoplastics
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destroy cancer cells
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Carcinoma
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– epithelial cells
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Sarcoma
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connectivie tissues origin
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Cytoplasma
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– hema origin
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Chemotherapy
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cells that are actively in cell cycle, affects nontarget, hair, bone marrow, intestinal epithelium (high cellular turnover),
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Logarithmic doses
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more and more with each dose. Cumulative effects on whole body, including immune system
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Angiogenesis
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growth of blood vessels which accompanies tumor growth, treat outermost tumor cells
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Glucocorticoids and their role
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• adrenal glands produce it
• inhibits wbc & mediator of secretion (histamines, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, cytokines) |
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Leukotrienes and their role:
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• Airway smooth muscle contraction
• Increase edema • Increase inflammatory response |
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Asthma
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inflammation in the airways
• Airway smooth muscle contraction • Inflammation of airways |
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Bronchodilators
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• Beta antagonist, short-acting, long-acting
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Flovent (fluticasone)
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Not emergency, take everyday, inhalation
Action: inhalation, oral corticosteroid -> decrease inflamm; not bronchial dilator Indications: maintenance tx of asthma; does not take effect for 24hr after admin Contraindications: acute asthma attack because it’s too slow Side Effects: adrenal insuff, immune supp, bone loss, pharyngitis, HA, nasal congest, resp track infection because supp immune system in lungs Interactions: other cortosteroids Preg: Cat C |
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Singulair
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Action: tablet or inhalation, leukotriene receptor antagonist
Indications: maint tx of asthma, allergic rhinitis, exercise induced asthma Contraindications: acute asthma, hep insuff Side Effects: eosinophilic conditions, allergic reaction, more red Interactions:none known Preg: cat B |
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Advair
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Action: inhalation aerosol -> decrease smooth muscle contraction and decrease inflam
Indications:maint tx asthma and copd Contraindications: acute asthma attacks and deteriorating asthma (maint meds not working as well as before) Side Effects: paradoxical bronchospasm, upper airway irritation, strider, immune supp, cardiovascular effects, adrenal supp, increase risk glaucoma, boneloss Interactions: other long-acting bronchialdilators, maois + tricylclic antidep, beta blockers, loop + thiazide diuretics |
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Ventolin (albuterol)
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rescue AND preventativeAction: aerosol inhaled, short-acting brondilaIndications: acute bronchospasm, maint tx for asthma over 4 yr old, exercise induced asthma preventionContraindications: sensitivitySide Effects: paradoxical bronchospasm, cardiovas effects, hypokalemia, aggra of diabetesInteractions:betablocker, maois, diureticsPreg: cat c
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Sudaphed - pseudoephedrine
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Action: vaso-constrict leading to less inflamm in nasal passage
Indications:nasal and Eustachian tube congestion due to seasonal allergies and mild upper resp track infection Contraindications: hypertension, coronary art disease, co-prescription of maoi, breast feeding Side Effects: increase BP, fatigue Interactions:bp meds, maois, sodium bicarbonate Preg: C |
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Prevacid – lansoprazole
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Cat: Heartburn/GERD/Acid Reflux
Action: blocks irreversibly the atp-ase at the exchange pump. Indication: duodenal ulcers, h-pylori infection (explosive bloody diarrhea), gastric ulcers esp due to NSAID use, GERD, erosive esophagitis, hypersecretory syndrome (Zollinger-Ellison – too much acid leading to digesting yourself) Contraindication:liver disease, pku (phenoketonuria) Side Effect: hypochlorydria (b12, calc processing affected) Interactions: co-Rx w/antibiotics for h-pylori infections, may decrease absorption of oral meds Pregnancy: Category B |
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Benadryl (diphenhydamine)
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Action: antihistamine
Indications: sneezing, itchy eyes, itchy skin, runny eyes Contraindications: none Side Effects: fatigue/drowsy Interactions: none Preg: B |
