Western Pathophysiology

Front 1

What disease results in excess urine production and thirst, but there is no sugar involved?

Back 1

Diabetes insipidus

Front 2

This hormone is responsible for uterine contraction during labor:

Back 2

Oxytocin

Front 3

What hormone stimulates milk let-down during nursing?

Back 3

Oxytocin

Front 4

Is oxytocin regulated by a positive or negative feedback system?

Back 4

Positive

Front 5

Which thyroid hormone is more active: T3 or T4?

Back 5

T3

Front 6

Which hormone is probably a pro-hormone?

Back 6

T4

Front 7

What converts T4 to T3 and is primarily responsible for circulating levels of T3?

Back 7

5'-deiodinase

Front 8

Does starvation inhibit or stimulate TRH?

Back 8

Inhibits

Front 9

Does sensation of cold inhibit or stimulate TRH?

Back 9

Stimulates

Front 10

Somatostain by which tissues and what two things does it inhibit?

Back 10

CNS, Pancreas, G-track, Insulin, glucagon

Front 11

What is considered normal serum glucose levels?

Back 11

80 – 120 mg/dL

Front 12

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

Back 12

Glucose cannot uptake into cells because insulin is not present.

Front 13

How does Ketosis cause Acidosis?

Back 13

Ketones are acids which lower the pH of the blood causing acidosis.

Front 14

Diabetes affects how many people world wide?

Back 14

135 million

Front 15

With regards to risk factors for Diabetes, what is a typical diet seen?

Back 15

High refined carbohydrate diet.

Front 16

Is Type 1 Diabetes insulin dependent?

Back 16

Yes

Front 17

Is Type 2 Diabetes insulin dependent and when does it typically occur?

Back 17

No, during adult life.

Front 18

What is Gestational Diabetes?

Back 18

Diabetes of Pregnancy.

Front 19

What is Diabetic vascular disease?

Back 19

Small anyeruism, ballooning of vessels causing loss of blood supply, and artherosclerosis.

Front 20

What is the normal fasting blood sugar?

Back 20

80-120mg/dl

Front 21

Type 1 diabetics can be taken off of insulin

Back 21

False

Front 22

What do Gliburides do?

Back 22

Improve inuslin production

Front 23

What do Biguanides do?

Back 23

Reduce gluconeogenisis

Front 24

What's hypoglycemia?

Back 24

Blood sugar below 40mg/dl

Front 25

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) increases the level of vitamin D3 which causes an increase in intestinal absorption of what?

Back 25

Ca+

Front 26

Calcitonin is used to treat what?

Back 26

osteoporosis/osteomalacia

Front 27

Vitamin D3 is made in the body by what?

Back 27

UV light (sunshine)

Front 28

Vitamin D3(dihdroxy)increases intestinal absorption of what?

Back 28

Ca++

Front 29

Where is the adrenal cortex located?

Back 29

The superior pole of the kidney (top)

Front 30

What hormone is the backbone of the adrenal cortex?

Back 30

cholesterol

Front 31

Mineralocorticoids are a layer of the ___________?

Back 31

adrenal cortex

Front 32

___________ is the principal mineralocorticoid.

Back 32

Aldosterone

Front 33

Actions of Aldosterone?

Back 33

Promote Na+ reabsorption in the kidney - inhibits K+ reabsorption in the kidney - antidiretic, absorbs more Na+ - Acts primarily on the proximal convoluted tubule

Front 34

CRH is made by the ________________

Back 34

hypothalmus

Front 35

ACTH is made by the ____________

Back 35

anterior pituitary

Front 36

Aldosterone is made by the _____________

Back 36

zona glomerulosa

Front 37

CRH, ACTH and Aldosterone inhibit hypothalmus ___________ loop and anterior pituitary _______ loop

Back 37

long, short

Front 38

Hyperaldosteronism is ____ much aldosterone

Back 38

too

Front 39

Hyperaldosteronism is also called ______?

Back 39

Conn's syndrome

Front 40

Conn's syndrome is caused by ____________ or ________

Back 40

adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal adenoma

Front 41

_________________ increases renin angiotensin system activity causing a decrease in BP

Back 41

hyperaldosteronism

Front 42

Conn's disease is an ____ in aldersterone, ______ normal cortison and ____ renin

Back 42

increased, normal, decreased

Front 43

secondary hyperaldosteronism is an _____ in alderstone, ____ cortisol and ___ renin

Back 43

increased, normal, increased

Front 44

Cushings syndrome is a ______ to ____ aldosterone, _____ cortison and _____ renin

Back 44

decreased to normal, increased, decreased

Front 45

Adrenal insufficiency is also called _______?

Back 45

Addisons disease

Front 46

Addisons disease is a _______ aldosterone, _____ cortison and ____ renin

Back 46

decreasesd, decreased and increased

Front 47

Pituitary disease is a _____ aldosterone, ____ cortisol, and ____ renin

Back 47

normal, decreased, normal

Front 48

Atrial natriuretic hormone is a ______

Back 48

protien

Front 49

Atrial natriuretic hormone ______ glomerulation filtration rate and ________ Na+ and water reabsorption

Back 49

increases, inhibits

Front 50

glucocorticoids act as an ___________

Back 50

anti-inflammatory

Front 51

cortisol considered a ___________

Back 51

glucocorticoid

Front 52

glucocorticoids acts as an ____________set up to preserve the brain

Back 52

intermediary metabolism

Front 53

glucocorticoids in connective tissue _______ collegen formation and ______ bone deposition

Back 53

inhibits, decrease

Front 54

glucocorticoils in the blood _______ levels of neutrophil, _____ levels of lymphocyes, monocytes & eosinophiles, and ______ immune response

Back 54

increase, decrease and decrease

Front 55

Glucocorticoids effect the heart by ______ BP, _____ cardiac output and _____ vascular tone

Back 55

increase, increase, increase

Front 56

cortisol considered a ___________

Back 56

glucocorticoid

Front 57

glucocorticoids acts as an ____________set up to preserve the brain

Back 57

intermediary metabolism

Front 58

glucocorticoids in connective tissue _______ collegen formation and ______ bone deposition

Back 58

inhibits, decrease

Front 59

glucocorticoils in the blood _______ levels of neutrophil, _____ levels of lymphocyes, monocytes & eosinophiles, and ______ immune response

Back 59

increase, decrease and decrease

Front 60

Glucocorticoids effect the heart by ______ BP, _____ cardiac output and _____ vascular tone

Back 60

increase, increase, increase

Front 61

1. Where is GnRH produced?

Back 61

a. Hypothalamus

Front 62

2. What hormone is negative feedback on LH & FSH in the follicular phase?

Back 62

a. Estradiol

Front 63

3. The corpus luteum develops during what phase of the menstrual cycle?

Back 63

a. Luteal phase

Front 64

4. How many phases are there in the menstrual cycle?

Back 64

a. Four – Menstrual phase, Resurfacing, Proliferative phase and Secretory phase.

Front 65

5. Prolactinoma is developed during what phase of Amenorrhea?

Back 65

a. Tertiary

Front 66

6. What hormone acts to ripen the cervix and to relax the pubic symphosis?

Back 66

a. Relaxin

Front 67

7. What s does oxytocin stimulate?

Back 67

a. Labor contractions or lactation

Front 68

8. What is the outcome of deficient oxytocin?

Back 68

a. Prolonged labor or hypotonic

Front 69

9. Name two complications during pregnancy?

Back 69

a. Preeclampsia or Gestational Diabetes

Front 70

What cells secrete insulin for glucose up take?

Back 70

b - cells

Front 71

If serum glucose is low, what cells secrete glucagons to raise serum glucose?

Back 71

islet cells

Front 72

What disease is known as "starvation in a sea of plenty"?

Back 72

Diabetes Mellitus

Front 73

Hyperglycemia is considered to be serum glucose of :

Back 73

200 mg/dL

Front 74

An increase in thirst is called?

Back 74

polydipsia

Front 75

Fat metabolism is also known as:

Back 75

ketosis

Front 76

Acidosis is a pH level in the body that is less than :

Back 76

7.4 ..

Front 77

How many people in the US are affected by diabetes?

Back 77

17 million

Front 78

What is the percentage of all diabetes si Type 2 adult onset?

Back 78

90% ..

Front 79

The risk of stroke because of diabetes is _____ times greater than for those with out diabetes.

Back 79

4 times

Front 80

Name 5 of the 10 risk factores for diabetes.

Back 80

1) genetics
2) feast or famine gene
3) high refined carbohydrate diet
4) diet foods/drinks
5) high saturated fat diet
6) nutritional deficiency: EFA, Ainc, chromiu, magnesium, vanadium, b vitamins
7) lack of exercise
8) BMI > 35
9) Hormonal imbalances
10) Environmental factors

Front 81

Type I Diabetes is always _________ dependent.

Back 81

insulin

Front 82

The lack of __________ leads to little or no production of insulin

Back 82

b-cells

Front 83

Type II Diabetes is also known as ____________ ___________.

Back 83

insulin dependent

Front 84

Diabetes of pregnancy is also known as:

Back 84

gestational diabetes

Front 85

A macrovascular change that can occur for someone with diabetes is:

Back 85

artherosclerosis

Front 86

What are mineralocorticoids?

Back 86

Principal mineralocorticoid is aldosterone which is
antidiuretic

Front 87

Regulation of aldosterone secretion. What is the pathway?

Back 87

CRH-ACTH=aldosterone-inhibits hypthothalamus and
ant. pituitary

Front 88

What is hypoaldosteronism?

Back 88

Ald. works on distal renal tubule. Primary Hyperaldosteronism
AKA Conn’s Syndrome: adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal
hyperplasia, adrenal adenoma. Secondary hyperaldosteronism
inc. renin angiotensin---decrease BP

Front 89

Which condition has high cortisol, low-normal aldosterone
and low renin, Cushings or Conn’s

Back 89

Cushings

Front 90

Which horomone is made by the heart, regulates
secretion, increasees glomerulation filtration rate

Back 90

Atrial Natriuretic Hormone

Front 91

Which is the most potent natural glucocorticoid?

Back 91

cortisol

Front 92

What are two actions of glucocorticoids:

Back 92

anti-inflamatory, inhibits secrection of interleuken I ,
lymphocyte production

Front 93

What are two more actions of glucocorticoids?

Back 93

it is set up to preserve brain, protein catabolic, and inhibits
DNA synthesis

Front 94

What are two more actions of glucocorticoids?

Back 94

inhibits collagen formation and diminishes immune response

Front 95

Do glucocorticoids effect the cardiovascular system
and CNS?

Back 95

yes

Front 96

What does Catecholamines do to the Cardiovascular system?

Back 96

increase output

Front 97

What will Catecholamines do to the CNS?

Back 97

high state of arousal

Front 98

What is Waterhouse Friedrickson Syndrome?

Back 98

hemorrhagic infarct of the adrenals

Front 99

What is the temperature of the Testes?

Back 99

35C

Front 100

What is responsible for male libido?

Back 100

Testosterone

Front 101

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone is released by what gland?

Back 101

Hypothalamus

Front 102

What is Cryptorchidism?

Back 102

Non-dissent of testicles

Front 103

What are the actions of Glucocorticoids? Cardiovascular?

Back 103

Increase blood pressure,Increase cardiac output, Increase vasculare tone,
Other hormones- Inhibit TSH production,Inhibit GnRH production
Inhibit GnRH production,Stimulate gastric mucus,Immunosupression

Front 104

What does ACTH do?

Back 104

stimulates production of pregnenalone, stimulates growth of adrenal cortex,
in excess it causes hypertrophy of cortex, If lacking causes atrophy of cortex

Front 105

In regards to the Control of glucocorticoid secretion, what are feedback effectors?

Back 105

Stress, perceived by brain to stimulate hypo to release CRH
Cortisol increases in response to stress rapidly.
(ALARM) If stress continues, cortisol plateaus
(RESISTANCE). Cortisol will continue to be made until stress is resolved or until adrenals exhausted at which time cortisol falls resulting in death.
Cortisol loss leads to shock, drop in BP and death.
Circadian rhythm, daily, secreted more at night and during deep sleep

Front 106

What are the Adrenal androgens?

Back 106

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
DHEA-S
Androstenedione

Front 107

Adrenocortical Insufficiency is also known as disease?

Back 107

Addison's Disease

Front 108

Is cortisol increased or decrease in Addison's disease?

Back 108

Decreased cortisol (aldosterone)

Front 109

What are 5 signs and symptoms of Cushing's Disease?

Back 109

Obesity, Thinning of the skin,Striae, stretch marks
Hirsutism, hair excess in male pattern due to increase in androgens
Glucose intolerance

Front 110

What is the primary defect of hyperthyroidism?

Back 110

Thyroid gland

Front 111

What is the most common hyperthyroid disease?

Back 111

Grave's disease

Front 112

What are the symptoms of Grave's disease?

Back 112

Excessive sweating, Diarrhea, goiter, tachycardia

Front 113

What is the Wolff Chaikoff effect?

Back 113

No thyroid hormone release due to high doses of iodine

Front 114

What are the effects of cretinism is newborns?

Back 114

Dwarfism and permanent mental retardation

Front 115

What are the three major effects of hyperthyroidism in adults?

Back 115

Tired, fatigue, mental slowness

Front 116

What are the symptoms of a Goiter?

Back 116

Dysphagia, cough, thyorid senstive to the touch

Front 117

What is Hashimoto's disease?

Back 117

Where the immune system attacks the thyroidglobulin

Front 118

What deficiency may create Euthyroid?

Back 118

5'deiodinase

Front 119

Name two treatments for hyperthyroidism?

Back 119

Hormone replacment, synthetic T4 or T3, Tyrosine

Front 120

What does 2 hormones are on Posterior Pituitary?

Back 120

ADH, Oxytocin(Pitocin)

Front 121

Explain long and short loop of Ant Pituitary hormones?

Back 121

the long loop hormones comes from the 3rd hormone and acts on pituitary and hypothalmus. Short loop pituitary acts back on hypothalmus to inhibit releasing factor

Front 122

what are the 3 effects called and what do they do?

Back 122

Primary effect- target organ. 2ndary- pituitary problem and Tertiary- hypothalmic problem

Front 123

What is the function of growth hormone?

Back 123

stimulate secretion of IGF-3 which is primarily mediated by insulin growth factor and increase growth of the long bones

Front 124

How is GH controled?

Back 124

GRH from the hypothalmus stimulates the secretion of GH from short loop

Front 125

Name 3 diseases from to much GH?

Back 125

Giantism (in the young epipheseal plates not closed, Acromegaly(in adults after plates have closed) and Glucose tolerance.

Front 126

The secretions from lung alveoli, the esophagus, G.I. tract, urinary and reproductive system are secreted from endocrine or exocrine glands?

Back 126

Hormones

Front 127

A substance that travels through the blood, that is produced by a cell or organ to arrive and specifically act on a target is called?

Back 127

Endocrine Glands

Front 128

When blood sugar increases above the set point, the pancreas makes and releases insulin to bring glucose into cytoplasm to bring blood glucose down. As it decreases, insulin is shut off. Is this an example of positive or negative feedback?

Back 128

Negative Feedback

Front 129

Where does metabolism of hormones mainly occur?

Back 129

Liver

Front 130

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland communicate through a portal system. True or False?

Back 130

True

Front 131

Releasing hormones such as thyrotropin RH, Corticotropin RH, and Gonadotropin RH are located where?

Back 131

Hypothalamus

Front 132

In the hypothalamus, somatostatin does not function as a growth hormone. True or False?

Back 132

False

Front 133

Which gland is the master gland of the body?

Back 133

Pituitary

Front 134

There are 3 parts of the anterior pituitary, the pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis. Which one is the most important part for humans?

Back 134

Pars Distalis

Front 135

Glands without ducts are called?

Back 135

Exocrine glands

Front 136

Insertion of a tube and camera into stomach for visualization is called?

Back 136

Endoscopy

Front 137

The test used to identify ulcers, hiatal hernias, polyps and reflux whereby a patient is given alka seltzer and Barium is called?

Back 137

Upper GI series

Front 138

One way to evaluate the esophagus is through a test in which a patient swallows different Barium preparations and is then x-rayed in various positions. True or False?

Back 138

True

Front 139

When patient has difficulty emptying material from the oral pharynx into the esophagus, it is called?

Back 139

Pre-esophageal dysphagia

Front 140

If patient has dysphagia, getting worse quickly, and unexplained weight loss, what do you suspect?

Back 140

carcinoma of esophagus

Front 141

There are two types of carcinomas of the esophagus; 1. squamous cell carcinoma and 2. adenocarcinoma, which one is found in the lower esophagus?

Back 141

adenocarcinoma

Front 142

What is the term for painful swallowing?

Back 142

odynophagia

Front 143

Hypersalivation d/t acid in lower esophageal area stimulating the vagus nerve is called?

Back 143

waterbrash

Front 144

What is Globus Hystericus?

Back 144

A sensation of a lump in the throat due to a psychological condition

Front 145

Esophageal dysphagia can be d/t 1. a motility disorder or 2. a mechanical obstruction. Give one example of each.

Back 145

1 achalasia, spasms, scleroderma
2 dysphagia, stricture

Front 146

The test used to identify ulcers, hiatal hernias, polyps and reflux whereby a patient is given alka seltzer and Barium is called?

Back 146

upper GI series

Front 147

What is oropharangeal and esophageal dysphagia?

Back 147

Difficulty swallowing d/t difficulty passing food through oropharynx or esophagus

Front 148

When patient has difficulty emptying material from the oral pharynx into the esophagus, it is called?

Back 148

Pre-esophageal dysphagia